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              DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA COURT OF APPEALS


                    Nos. 21-PR-0658, 22-PR-0574 & 22-PR-0974

       IN RE ESTATE OF ALLEN T. STERMAN; PAUL A. STERMAN, APPELLANT.

                           Appeals from the Superior Court
                             of the District of Columbia
                                (2021-ADM-000029)

        (Hon. Maurice A. Ross and Hon. Carmen G. McLean, Trial Judges)

(Submitted September 19, 2023                            Decided December 21, 2023)

      Paul A. Sterman, pro se.

      Elizabeth Richardson, pro se appellee.

      Before EASTERLY and MCLEESE, Associate Judges, and RUIZ, Senior Judge.

      MCLEESE, Associate Judge: Appellant Paul A. Sterman challenges the denial

of several motions seeking the removal of his sister, appellee Elizabeth Richardson,

as the personal representative of their father’s estate. Mr. Sterman also challenges

several other rulings of the trial court with respect to the administration of the estate.

We affirm in part, vacate in part, and remand for further proceedings.
                                            2

                         I. Factual and Procedural Background

      Certain basic facts appear to be largely undisputed. Mr. Sterman’s father

executed a will leaving sixty percent of his estate to Mr. Sterman and forty percent

of his estate to Ms. Richardson. The sixty percent left to Mr. Sterman was to be put

in trust for Mr. Sterman’s welfare. Ms. Richardson has been determined to be the

trustee of that trust, so although Mr. Sterman sometimes refers to himself as

“trustee,” he is actually a beneficiary of the trust. The principal asset of the estate is

a house valued at over $1.3 million.

      Ms. Richardson is the personal representative of the estate. Mr. Sterman has

filed numerous motions seeking to have Ms. Richardson removed as personal

representative. In his motions, Mr. Sterman argued that Ms. Richardson violated her

duties as personal representative in numerous respects. The trial court denied

Mr. Sterman’s motions in three orders that are at issue in these consolidated appeals.

                                  A. The July 2021 Order

      Mr. Sterman first sought removal of Ms. Richardson as personal

representative in July 2021, arguing among other things that Ms. Richardson

mismanaged the property, failed to pay property taxes on the house, failed to serve

a notice of appointment upon Mr. Sterman, and failed to file an accurate accounting

of the estate as required under
D.C. Code § 20-711
 (directing personal representative
                                           3

to file, within three months of appointment, “a verified inventory of property owned

by the decedent at the time of his death”).

      Ms. Richardson denied that her filings and notices were late or inaccurate.

She contended that her failure to pay one tax bill timely occurred because

Mr. Sterman had gone through her mail and prevented her from obtaining notice of

the taxes owed.

      After a hearing, the trial court denied the motion, concluding that there were

some “technical problems” with Ms. Richardson’s administration but that those

problems did not amount to grounds for removal. See
D.C. Code § 20-526
(a) (listing

several factors providing cause for removal of personal representative, including

willfully disregarding court order, mismanaging estate property, and unreasonably

failing to perform material duty of office). The trial court did convert the estate from

an unsupervised estate to a supervised estate.

                                 B. The July 2022 Order

      In the following months, Mr. Sterman submitted several filings again seeking

removal of Ms. Richardson.        During this time, Ms. Richardson indicated her

intention to sell the house making up the bulk of the estate. Mr. Sterman argued

among many other things that Ms. Richardson was mismanaging the property; that

Ms. Richardson should sell the house to him; and that Ms. Richardson’s verified

inventory was untimely, incomplete, and incorrectly served.
                                           4

      Ms. Richardson denied mismanaging the property, claiming that instead she

had paid out of her pocket to prepare the house for sale. Ms. Richardson also denied

that the inventory was untimely or incomplete.

      After a hearing, the trial court again declined to remove Ms. Richardson as

personal   representative.      Specifically,   the    trial   court   concluded    that

Ms. Richardson’s filings were timely and that “Mr. Sterman seems to muddle what

Ms. Richardson is required to do as personal representative with what Mr. Sterman

would like her to [do].” The trial court also credited Ms. Richardson’s testimony

regarding the inventory, concluding that “any omission by Ms. Richardson

regarding the inventory was based on a misunderstanding.” The trial court did direct

Ms. Richardson to file an amended inventory.

      The trial court also authorized Ms. Richardson to sell the house but gave

Mr. Sterman a right of first refusal to buy the house, if he exercised that right within

twenty-four hours of receiving notice of an offer, by “submit[ting] an offer that is

equal to the highest offer in terms of monetary amount and conditions.”

                           C. The December 2022 Order

      Mr. Sterman subsequently renewed his request that Ms. Richardson be

removed. He reiterated prior objections and also argued that a proper inventory had

still not been filed; that property taxes and estate taxes had not been paid; and that
                                           5

Ms. Richardson had not given Mr. Sterman a fair opportunity to purchase the

property.

      Ms. Richardson contended that Mr. Sterman failed to submit a timely

matching offer for the property. Ms. Richardson stated that she had been unable to

pay taxes because the estate had no cash and she had been unable to sell the house

because of Mr. Sterman’s litigation. At the time of the hearing, the house was under

contract with a third party for over $1.3 million. Ms. Richardson represents that that

contract subsequently fell through.

      The trial court denied the request to remove Ms. Richardson, without

addressing that request on the merits. Rather, the trial court concluded that it lacked

jurisdiction to rule on Mr. Sterman’s renewed request to remove Ms. Richardson,

because Mr. Sterman had pending appeals challenging the July 2021 and July 2022

orders declining to remove Ms. Richardson.              The trial court authorized

Ms. Richardson to sell the property and removed Mr. Sterman’s right of first refusal.

                                        II. Analysis

        A. This Court Has Jurisdiction to Review the Trial Court’s Decisions
                    Declining to Remove Ms. Richardson

      We first address whether the decision not to remove a personal representative

is a final, appealable order. Although neither party raised that issue in this court, we

are obliged to consider our jurisdiction sua sponte. See, e.g., Mathis v. D.C. Hous.

Auth.,
124 A.3d 1089
, 1101 n.21 (D.C. 2015) (“Where a substantial question exists
                                             6

as to this court’s subject matter jurisdiction, it is our obligation to raise it, sua sponte,

even though, as here, no party has asked us to consider it.”) (internal quotation marks

omitted). We conclude that we have jurisdiction over these appeals.

       Generally, an order is final for purposes of appeal when the order “resolves

the case on its merits and leaves nothing for the court to do but execute the

judgment.” Washington Metro. Area Transit Auth. v. Nash-Flegler,
272 A.3d 1171
,

1177 (D.C. 2022) (internal quotation marks omitted). Orders declining to remove a

personal representative are not final in that sense. Nevertheless, in a decision that is

binding on this court, the United States Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit held

that an order declining to remove a personal representative is appealable under the

collateral-order doctrine. Collins v. Miller,
198 F.2d 948, 950-51
 (D.C. Cir. 1952)

(“On final distribution of the estate it will be too late effectively to review the order,

and the rights conferred by the Code to prompt and proper administration of the

estate will be lost, probably irreparably.”); see M.A.P. v. Ryan,
285 A.2d 310, 312

(D.C. 1971) (D.C. Circuit decisions before February 1, 1971, are binding on

divisions of the D.C. Court of Appeals); Taylor v. First Am. Title Co.,
477 A.2d 227, 230
 (D.C. 1984) (relying on M.A.P., treating prior decision of D.C. Circuit holding

that order was appealable under collateral-order doctrine as binding authority on

division of court).
                                          7

      B. Mr. Sterman Has Standing to Seek Ms. Richardson’s Removal

      Ms. Richardson argues that Mr. Sterman does not have standing to seek her

removal because he is not an “interested person.”
D.C. Code § 20-107
(a) allows

“[a]n interested person” or “the beneficiary of a trust” to “petition the Court for an

order . . . to resolve a question or controversy arising in the course of a supervised

or unsupervised administration of a decedent’s estate.” We need not decide whether

Mr. Sterman is an “interested person.” Rather, it suffices under § 20-107(a) that

Mr. Sterman is “the beneficiary of a trust” created by the will at issue. Mr. Sterman

therefore has standing to seek Ms. Richardson’s removal as personal representative.

             C. The Trial Court’s July 2021 and July 2022 Orders
                    Declining to Remove Ms. Richardson

      A personal representative must be removed upon a determination by the court

that the personal representative:

             (1) misrepresented material facts in the proceedings
             leading to the appointment; (2) willfully disregarded an
             order of the Court; (3) is unable, for any reason, to
             discharge the duties and powers effectively; (4) has
             mismanaged property; or (5) has failed, without
             reasonable excuse, to perform any material duty of such
             office; provided, that the Court may continue the personal
             representative in office following a finding in accordance
             with paragraph (5) if the Court finds that such continuance
             would be in the best interests of the estate and would not
             adversely affect the rights of interested persons or
             creditors.
D.C. Code § 20-526
(a).
                                          8

      In its July 2021 and July 2022 orders, the trial court concluded that

Mr. Sterman did not establish statutory grounds for removing Ms. Richardson.

When reviewing a trial court’s determination regarding whether statutory cause for

removal of a personal representative exists, we decide independently whether the

trial court committed errors of law, and we uphold the trial court’s factual

determinations unless they are plainly wrong or without evidence to support them.

In re Est. of Delaney,
819 A.2d 968
, 1002 (D.C. 2003). We hold that Mr. Sterman

has not established a basis for reversal of the trial court’s July 2021 and July 2022

orders.

      1. The July 2021 Order

      In his brief in this court, Mr. Sterman states a variety of objections to

Ms. Richardson’s conduct as personal administrator up to the point of the July 2021

order declining to remove Ms. Richardson. We focus specifically on two objections

Mr. Sterman raised in the trial court and emphasizes in this court. First, Mr. Sterman

objects that Ms. Richardson failed to serve both a timely notice of appointment and

an adequate verified inventory of property. Regarding the inventory, Mr. Sterman

takes issue with the value of the items listed in the verified inventory, arguing for

example that a rug should have been valued over $10,000, but was instead valued at

$500. At the July 2021 hearing, Ms. Richardson testified that she “sent the notice

of [her] appointment timely.” Ms. Richardson also testified that the rug at issue was
                                          9

“absolutely not” worth $10,000 and that the amount listed in the verified inventory

was correct. The trial court found these explanations reasonable, stating that

“[w]e’re dealing with the pandemic” and concluding that Ms. Richardson, who is

“not a lawyer,” was “doing the best she can” given the complex nature of the

statutory requirements. We conclude that the record supports the conclusion that

Ms. Richardson had a reasonable excuse for any failure to comply with the

procedural requirements at issue.

      Mr. Sterman also argues that Ms. Richardson failed to pay “$9200 in property

taxes.” At the hearing, Ms. Richardson testified—and Mr. Sterman admitted—that

Mr. Sterman had been going through her mail. According to Ms. Richardson,

Mr. Sterman’s conduct caused Ms. Richardson to miss several tax notices. The trial

court permissibly credited Ms. Richardson’s explanation. Given that explanation,

the record supports the conclusion that Ms. Richardson had a reasonable excuse for

any delay in the payment of the taxes at issue.

      Mr. Sterman also raises in passing a number of other objections to

Ms. Richardson’s conduct before the July 2021 order. We see no basis for reversal

with respect to any of those additional objections. We therefore uphold the trial

court’s July 2021 order declining to remove Ms. Richardson but taking the

precautionary measure of converting the proceeding to a supervised estate.
                                         10

       2. The July 2022 Order

       In his briefs in this court, Mr. Sterman states numerous objections to

Ms. Richardson’s conduct as personal administrator during the period after the July

2021 order and before the July 2022 order once again declining to remove

Ms. Richardson. We focus on three issues that Mr. Sterman raised in the trial court

and emphasizes in this court.

       First, Mr. Sterman argues that Ms. Richardson failed to file the amended

verified inventory by the court-imposed deadline.         Ms. Richardson testified,

however, that she timely filed the verified inventory, and the trial court found that

her statement was supported by court records. We conclude that the record supports

the trial court’s ruling.

       Second, Mr. Sterman argues that the inventory, when filed, was “blank.” At

the hearing, however, Mr. Sterman acknowledged that the inventory was not blank

and that instead his argument was that there were items of value that should have

been included on the inventory but were not. The court concluded that Mr. Sterman

“ha[d] not provided . . . any evidence to support [his] argument” and that removal

was required only if Ms. Richardson “willfully disregarded an order of the court,”

which the trial court concluded Ms. Richardson had not done. Here too we uphold

the trial court’s conclusions.
                                          11

      Third, Mr. Sterman contends that Ms. Richardson did not properly participate

in court-ordered mediation. Ms. Richardson disputed that contention, and the trial

court indicated that it did not find Mr. Sterman’s position credible. We see no basis

to look behind the trial court’s credibility determination. See generally, e.g., In re

H.R.,
206 A.3d 884, 888
 (D.C. 2019) (holding that court of appeals is “required to

defer to reasonable credibility determinations by the finder of fact”).

      Mr. Sterman also raises in passing a number of other objections to

Ms. Richardson’s conduct before the July 2022 order. We see no basis for reversal

with respect to any of those additional objections. We therefore uphold the trial

court’s July 2022 order declining to remove Ms. Richardson.

        D. The Trial Court Was Required to Decide the Merits of the August
                         2022 Motion for Removal

      In August 2022, Mr. Sterman again argued that Ms. Richardson should be

removed as personal representative. The trial court held a hearing on that motion in

December 2022.       At the hearing, Mr. Sterman renewed his argument that

Ms. Richardson had violated her duties by failing to file an accurate verified

inventory of the estate. He also argued that taxes on the property had not been paid

and that Ms. Richardson had damaged the estate by failing to pay these taxes and

failing to sell the property in a timely fashion. Finally, Mr. Sterman contended that

he had not been given an adequate opportunity to purchase the property in

accordance with the court’s July 2022 order.
                                         12

      As previously noted, the trial court denied the renewed motion to remove

Ms. Richardson, without addressing the merits of that motion. Instead, the trial court

concluded that it lacked jurisdiction to consider the renewed motion, given the

pendency of appeals from the orders denying prior requests to remove

Ms. Richardson. We conclude to the contrary that the trial court had jurisdiction to

address Mr. Sterman’s renewed motion to remove Ms. Richardson, at least to the

extent the motion rested on events occurring after the prior orders that were on

appeal.

      The trial court does not “lose[] all power to act in a case whenever an appeal

is filed from any aspect of the case.” Stebbins v. Stebbins,
673 A.2d 184, 189
 (D.C.

1996). The limits on what a trial court may do while an appeal is pending are “judge-

made, designed to avoid the confusion and waste of time that might flow from having

two courts deal with a single case at the same time. Hence, [those limits are] subject

to a common-sense flexibility in application.” Carter v. Cathedral Ave. Co-op., Inc.,
532 A.2d 681
, 684 n.7 (D.C. 1987).

      In the absence of a stay, a probate proceeding does not pause when a final

order is issued regarding removal of a personal representative. If not removed, the

personal representative will continue to act on behalf of the estate during the

pendency of any appeal from such order. It follows that the trial court must be able

to make further orders relating to a personal representative’s ongoing actions and
                                          13

status while a prior order is on appeal, particularly if there are changed circumstances

or there is newly discovered information.

      In the family-law context, for example, we have noted that “[t]he pendency of

[an] appeal does not deprive the trial court of jurisdiction to consider motions based

on new evidence and changed circumstances.” Prisco v. Stroup,
947 A.2d 455
, 457

n.1 (D.C. 2008); see also Sampson v. Johnson,
846 A.2d 278
, 279 n.1 (D.C. 2004)

(“The pendency of the father’s appeal . . . did not undermine the trial court’s

authority to entertain either the father’s motion to modify custody and visitation or

the mother’s motion to dismiss . . . [because] . . . both motions were based on a

material change of circumstances.”). For similar reasons, we hold that the trial court

has jurisdiction to consider a new motion for removal of a personal representative,

even if one or more prior orders declining to remove the personal representative are

pending on appeal, if the new motion is based on changed circumstances and/or

newly discovered evidence.

      In this case, Mr. Sterman’s renewed motion to remove Ms. Richardson

apparently rested in part on allegations as to new circumstances and/or newly

discovered evidence: for example, Ms. Richardson’s alleged failure (after July 2022)

to pay property taxes; and Ms. Richardson’s alleged failure for several years to pay

estate taxes to the Internal Revenue Service, which Mr. Sterman suggested was

newly discovered evidence.
                                           14

         We conclude that the trial court had jurisdiction to consider the August 2022

motion for removal of Ms. Richardson as personal representative. We therefore

vacate the December 2022 order’s denial of Mr. Sterman’s renewed motion to

remove Ms. Richardson, and we remand the case for further proceedings on that

issue.

         We also note that the day before these appeals were submitted, Mr. Sterman

filed a motion for summary reversal raising numerous issues, some of which have

already been briefed in this court and some of which are entirely new, including

issues regarding management of the estate since these consolidated appeals were

filed. We decide the former issues in this opinion and decline to address the latter

issues, which are not properly before the court in these appeals. We hereby deny

that motion.

              E. Mr. Sterman’s Substantive Challenges to the Orders
                    Relating to the Potential Sale of the House

         Mr. Sterman raises numerous objections to the trial court’s orders relating to

the potential sale of the house. We have jurisdiction to decide Mr. Sterman’s

challenges to the trial court’s order authorizing Ms. Richardson to sell the estate

property, because that order “chang[ed] or affect[ed] the possession of property.”
D.C. Code § 11-721
(a)(2)(C); cf. Robinson v. Evans,
554 A.2d 332
, 335 n.11 (D.C.

1989) (holding that
D.C. Code § 11-721
(a)(2)(C) “gives this court jurisdiction of

appeals from interlocutory orders” appointing trustee to sell property).
                                          15

      Mr. Sterman initially argued that he was not given proper notice regarding the

possible sale of the house, but he has acknowledged that that argument is now moot

given that the house has apparently not yet been sold. We focus on three additional

issues that Mr. Sterman raised in the trial court and emphasizes in this court. First,

Mr. Sterman argues that it was not in the best interests of the estate to list the house

for sale. Specifically, Mr. Sterman contends that Ms. Richardson unnecessarily

delayed the sale for two years, causing damage to the estate. The trial court

addressed this delay, indicating that although it had taken a long time to sell the

house, Mr. Sterman’s litigiousness had contributed to the delay. We see no error in

the trial court’s ruling that authorizing the sale of the house and the distribution of

the proceeds of that sale would be in the best interest of the estate.

      Second, Mr. Sterman argues that it was error for the trial court to refuse to

partition the property at issue. We disagree. Mr. Sterman has failed to show that

the trial court erred in concluding that the house and the land on which the house is

located could have been partitioned into separate pieces of real property without

“loss or injury” to the parties.
D.C. Code § 16-2901
(a). Although Mr. Sterman

suggests that he had an absolute right to partition of the property, that suggestion is

not supported by the law of the District of Columbia. See
D.C. Code §§ 20-1105

(trial court “may” order partition of estate property), 16-2901(a) (trial court “may”
                                              16

decree partition, but if “property can not be divided without loss or injury to the

parties interested,” trial court “may decree” sale and division of proceeds).

      Finally, Mr. Sterman challenges the trial court’s authorization of the sale of

the house without affording Mr. Sterman a right of first refusal. The trial court

initially gave Mr. Sterman a right of first refusal, permitting Mr. Sterman to buy the

house if, within twenty-four hours, he submitted an offer “equal to the highest offer

in terms of monetary amount and conditions.” The trial court found, however, that

Mr. Sterman had not submitted a matching offer, instead stating “an intention to

make an offer” and “creating his own timeline” that was inconsistent with the court’s

order. The court also noted that Mr. Sterman did not appear to have adequate

financing to meet the purchase price of the house. We hold that the record supports

the trial court’s findings on those points.

      Under the circumstances, we also see no error in the trial court’s subsequent

order permitting Ms. Richardson to sell the house without affording Mr. Sterman a

further right of first refusal. Contrary to Mr. Sterman’s suggestion, Mr. Sterman’s

status as a beneficiary of sixty percent of the proceeds of the estate did not give

Mr. Sterman authority to control the manner in which the personal representative

administered the estate. See generally
D.C. Code § 20-741
(6) (unless will provides

otherwise, personal representative has authority to dispose of real or personal

property).
                                        17

      In sum, we affirm the judgments of the Superior Court at issue in Nos.

21-PR-0658 (July 2021 order declining to remove Ms. Richardson) and 22-PR-0574

(July 2022 order declining to remove Ms. Richardson). We affirm in part and vacate

in part the judgment of the Superior Court at issue in No. 22-PR-0974. Specifically,

we affirm that judgment to the extent that the trial court declined to partition the

property and instead authorized Ms. Richardson to sell the property without

affording Mr. Sterman any further right of first refusal. We vacate that judgment to

the extent that the trial court denied the renewed motion to remove Ms. Richardson

without addressing the merits of that motion, and we remand for further proceedings

on that issue.

                                             So ordered.