People ex rel. N.D.V.

Opinion by

Y.R. (mother) appeals from the judgment terminating the parent-child relationship between her and her son, N.D.V. We affirm.

Mother presents issues related to

® the failure to adjudicate the child's status as neglected or dependent;

@the reasonableness of efforts made to rehabilitate her;

* the findings that she is unfit and unlikely to change within a reasonable time; and

@the availability of less drastic alternatives.

I. Procedural History

On June 14, 2007, mother appeared with counsel at the adjudicatory hearing, and, according to the register of actions, was advised of her rights. She admitted the child was neglected or dependent and waived proof of a factual basis that the child was homeless, without proper care, or not domiciled with mother through no fault of mother. The court accepted mother's admission, and, at mother's request, deferred entry of the order of adjudication and continued the hearing as permitted under section 19-3-505(5), C.R.S. 2009. On the same date, as permitted in such cireumstances and without objection from mother or the guardian ad litem (GAL), the court adopted a treatment plan for mother.

In August, September, and November 2007, and in January, March, April, and May 2008, the court entered various orders regarding custody and placement of the child and regarding mother's treatment plan. Mother and the GAL participated in each of those proceedings without objection.

The department filed a motion to terminate mother's parental rights on June 6, 2008. Although the court had not yet entered an adjudicatory order, the petition stated that the child had been adjudicated neglected or dependent on June 14, 2007. Nothing in the record indicates that mother or the GAL denied or objected to this erroneous assertion. Deferral of the adjudication expired on June 14, 2008. On September 3, 2008, the court denied, without prejudice, the department's motion to terminate, finding that the department had not sustained its burden by clear and convincing evidence.

The department filed a second motion to terminate mother's parental rights on November 6, 2008. The court conducted a four-day termination hearing beginning on February 19, 2009, during which mother did not deny the allegation that the child's status had been adjudicated in June 2007, seek to withdraw her admission, object to the proceedings, or demand that the court either dismiss or sustain the petition in neglect or dependency before conducting further proceedings.

As a result of the hearing, the court terminated mother's parental rights, finding, among other things, that the child had been adjudicated dependent or neglected as to mother on June 14, 2007.

IL Jurisdiction

Based on these facts, which mother does not dispute, she first contends that

® Section 19-38-604(1)(a)-(c), C.R.S8.2009, establish subject matter jurisdictional requirements and the court's failure to satisfy those requirements deprived the court of jurisdiction to enter a termination order;

® under section 19-3-505(5), upon expiration of the statutorily permitted period to defer entry of an adjudicatory order, the court was without authority to engage in any action other than to dismiss or sus*414tain the department's petition in neglect or dependency; and

e because the court did not enter an adjudicatory order, section 19-8-505(5) serves as a jurisdictional bar to further proceedings under the petition.

We conclude that, under section 19-1-104(1)(b), C.R.S.2009, a juvenile court's subject matter jurisdiction in neglect or dependency cases is based on the fact of the child being neglected or dependent. Here, mother admitted that fact, and the court's acceptance of her admission established the essential factual predicate for the court's exercise of its jurisdiction. Although the court did not enter an order sustaining the petition, its failure to do so did not divest the court of jurisdiction. Because the court's failure to enter an adjudicatory order did not deprive it of jurisdiction and mother failed to raise these contentions in the trial court, any procedural error has been waived.

A. Subject Matter Jurisdiction Not Waivable

Although a party is generally precluded from raising an issue on appeal when there was no objection at trial, "a challenge to a court's subject matter jurisdiction is not waivable, and may be raised for the first time on appeal." Herr v. People, 198 P.3d 108, 111 (Colo.2008); see also Kirbens v. Martinez 742 P.2d 330, 334 n. 8 (Colo.1987). "Subject matter jurisdiction 'concerns the court's authority to deal with the class of cases in which it renders judgment"" People in Interest of Clinton, 762 P.2d 1381, 1386 (Colo.1988) (quoting In re Marriage of Stroud, 631 P.2d 168, 170 (Colo.1981)).

Onee a court obtains subject matter jurisdiction, "a later failure to follow statutory requirements does not divest the court of subject matter jurisdiction. Such a failure to follow the statute would amount to an erroneous decision not affecting jurisdiction." Interest of Clinton, 762 P.2d at 1387.

B. Statutory Interpretation

Our primary task in construing a statute is to give effect to the intent of the General Assembly. Williams v. Kunau, 147 P.3d 33, 38 (Colo.2006). When reviewing any provision of a statute, we consider the statutory scheme as a whole to give consistent, harmonious, and sensible effect to all its parts, give words and phrases their plain and ordinary meaning, and resort to principles of construction only when a statute is ambiguous. Farmers Reservoir & Irrigation Co. v. City of Golden, 113 P.3d 119, 130 (Colo.2005); Bd. of County Comm'rs v. Costilla County Conservancy Dist., 88 P.3d 1188, 1192-93 (Colo.2004). We may not adopt a construction that renders any word superfluous. Although not dispositive, we may also consider the title of a statute in ascertaining its meaning. People v. Madden, 111 P.3d 452, 457 (Colo.2005).

Statutory language that establishes the seope of a court's jurisdiction necessarily delimits that jurisdiction. See Levin v. Anouna, 990 P.2d 1136, 1138 (Colo.App.1999). Accordingly, the supreme court has held that "the basis for the exercise of judicial authority is normally found in jurisdictional statutes, not in the language of procedural rules." Interest of Clinton, 762 P.2d at 1388 (quoting White v. District Court, 695 P.2d 1133, 1135 (Colo.1984)). In addition, language in a statute requiring that a particular procedure be followed "does not amount to a subject matter jurisdictional requirement unless it is clear that the General Assembly so intended it." Eagle Peak Farms, Ltd. v. Lost Creek Ground Water Mgmt. Dist., 7 P.3d 1006, 1010 (Colo.App.1999). An error in procedure does not implicate the court's jurisdiction unless it results in a court's attempt to exercise power over a class of cases or over persons not within its constitutional or statutorily prescribed authority. Levin, 990 P.2d at 1138.

C. Status of the Child as Neglected or Dependent Confers Jurisdiction

With regard to proceedings in neglect or dependency, the General Assembly has declared that, to carry out the purposes of the Children's Code, its provisions must be liberally construed to serve the welfare of children and the best interests of society. § 19-1-102(2), C.R.8.2009.

*415As pertinent here, the juvenile divisions of district courts outside the City and County of Denver and the Denver Juvenile Court have exclusive original jurisdiction in proceedings concerning any child who is neglected or dependent. §§ 19-1-103(70), 19-1-104(1)(b). The General Assembly explicitly granted this authority in section 19-1-104(1)(b), which states as follows:

Jurisdiction. (1) Except as otherwise provided by law, the juvenile court shall have exclusive original jurisdiction in proceedings:

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(b) Concerning any child who is neglected or dependent, as set forth in section 19-3-102.

This provision explicitly premises subject matter jurisdiction on whether the child "is neglected or dependent," which presents an issue of fact. Section 19-1-104 also grants the juvenile court jurisdiction to determine the legal custody of any child who comes within its jurisdiction under this section, to terminate the legal parent-child relationship, to conduct proceedings concerning any adult who allegedly neglects a child who comes within its jurisdiction under this section, and to issue temporary orders providing for the child's custody, protection, support, and medical, psychological, and dental treatment. § 19-1-104(1)(c)-(d), (2), (8)(a), C.R.S.2009.

The General Assembly again explicitly addressed jurisdiction in section 19-8-505(1), C.R.S.2009, stating that the age and residence of the child are jurisdictional matters. Thus, in accordance with section 19-8-502(2), C.R.S.2009, the petition invoking the court's exercise of its jurisdiction over dependency and neglect matters must state the name, age, and residence of the child and the names and residences of the child's parents. These allegations are essential to invoke the court's Jurisdiction because they allege essential jurisdictional requirements: that the person who is the subject of the neglect or dependency proceedings is younger than eighteen years old as required by the Children's Code and that the person is within the geographic jurisdiction of the court.

In addition to these requirements, the petition must also plainly allege facts that "bring the child within the court's jurisdiction." § 19-3-502(2). This phrase necessarily refers to facts satisfying the jurisdictional requirement stated in section 19-1-104(1)(b) that the child is neglected or dependent. The parent may either deny the facts alleged in the petition and require the county department of social services to prove the child is neglected or dependent, or waive proof of facts and admit the petition. C.R.J.P. 4.2(b)-(c), 4.8.

Under section 19-3-102(1)(e), C.R.S.2009, a child is neglected or dependent when he or she is homeless, without proper care, or not domiciled with his or her parent through no fault of the parent. The supreme court has explained that "[the status of being a neglected or dependent child triggers juvenile court jurisdiction over a child so cireum-stanced in Colorado." People in Interest of A.M.D., 648 P.2d 625, 639-40 (Colo.1982) (emphasis added); see also E.P. v. District Court, 696 P.2d 254, 258-59 (Colo.1985) (child's presence in Colorado triggers jurisdiction).

Mother's reliance on People in Interest of K.S., 33 Colo.App. 72, 75, 515 P.2d 130, 132 (1973), is misplaced. Citing KS., mother asserts that "[the primary purpose of a dependency adjudication is to furnish the jurisdictional bases for state intervention." Although we find no such holding in that case, mother's argument is supported by language in A.M.D., 648 P.2d at 640. But there, the juvenile court had entered an adjudicatory order. Consequently, the supreme court was not required to decide whether section 19-3-505(5) clearly expresses the General Assembly's intention that the requirements of that section amount to subject matter jurisdietional requirements or that whether a court's failure to comply with section 19-8-505(5) results in a court's attempt to exercise power over a class of cases or persons not within its statutorily prescribed authority. Nor was the supreme court required to decide whether a court's acceptance of a parent's admission that the child is neglected or dependent provides a jurisdictional basis under section 19-1-104(1)(b) for state intervention into the parent-child relationship absent an adjudicatory order.

*416In sum, section 19-1-104(1)(b) bases jurisdiction on the fact of the child's status as neglected or dependent. The supreme court has stated that the status of being a neglected or dependent child triggers juvenile court jurisdiction over the child. And the child's status may be determined based on proof by a preponderance of the evidence or by a parent's admission regarding the child's status. Therefore, we conclude that where a parent admits that the child is neglected or dependent under the applicable statutes, the court's acceptance of the admission provides the statutorily required jurisdictional basis for further proceedings.

D. Section 19-8-604(1)(c) Is Not Jurisdictional

Mother first contends that subsections (1)(a) through (c) of section 19-3-604 are jurisdictional. She argues that they require "an adjudication of dependency and neglect before a termination order may enter." We disagree. Because mother's parental rights were terminated under section 19-83-604(1)(c), we consider the requirements of that subsection only and conclude the absence of an order of adjudication was not jurisdictional.

Mother admitted the child was neglected or dependent with regard to her. She does not contend on appeal that the court erred when it accepted her admission. She never sought to withdraw this admission nor does she or the GAL contend on appeal that the child was not neglected or dependent throughout the proceedings. Mother did not dispute the allegations in the department's motions to terminate that the child had been adjudicated neglected or dependent as to her.

Section 19-3-604 is captioned "Criteria for Termination." Section 19-3-604(1) permits a court to "order a termination of the parent-child legal relationship upon the finding by clear and convincing evidence" that specified facts exist. Here, the court terminated mother's parental rights under section 19-3-604(1)(c). Subsection (1)(c) requires a finding that "the child is adjudicated dependent or neglected," and that certain other conditions exist. (Emphasis added.) It does not refer back to section 19-3-505 or require the court to find that an order adjudicating the child had been previously entered, either in compliance with that section or otherwise.

On its face, section 19-3-604 does not purport to be a jurisdictional statute. Instead, it establishes criteria for termination. Thus, section 19-8-604(1)(c) does not clearly reflect a legislative intention that entry of an adjudicatory order serve as a subject matter jurisdictional requirement. Nor would an error in applying the criteria in such cireumstances result in an attempt to exercise power over a class of cases or persons not within the court's constitutional or statutorily prescribed authority. See Levin, 990 P.2d at 1138. Instead, the language of section 19-3-604(1)(c) permits the court to find that the child "s adjudicated dependent or neglected." (Emphasis added.) Indeed, this phrase implies that the court may conclude that the child is neglected or dependent as part of its findings regarding termination.

Considering the statutory scheme as a whole, noting that section 19-3-604(1)(c) does not clearly reflect a legislative intent to cereate a jurisdictional requirement, and construing this provision to serve the welfare of children and the best interests of society, we conclude that the requirements of section 19-3-604(1)(c) are not jurisdictional.

Because we have concluded that the court's failure to enter an adjudicatory order was not an error affecting jurisdiction and mother voluntary participated in two termination proceedings without objecting to the absence of an adjudicatory order, we further conclude that mother has waived any procedural error arising from section 19-3-604(1)(c).1

E. Lack of Adjudicatory Order Did Not Divest the Court of Jurisdiction

Mother's second contention is that the trial court could not properly hold a termination hearing without an adjudication as prescribed by section 19-3-505(5). To the extent mother contends section 19-8-505(5) es*417tablishes a limit on the court's jurisdiction, we disagree. That provision does not purport to address subject matter jurisdiction and does not clearly reflect a legislative intention that entry of an adjudicatory order serve as an additional jurisdictional requirement or that lack of such an order divest the court of jurisdiction after the child's status as neglected or dependent has been established by a parent's admission and a court's acceptance of that admission.2 Consequently, any error in conducting the termination hearing without first entering an adjudicatory order would have been procedural, and because mother did not raise the issue in the trial court, she has waived it. To the extent that mother contends that section 19-38-505(5) establishes a procedural prerequisite to conducting a termination hearing, we conclude that she has waived the issue.

1. Law

To establish that a child is neglected or dependent, the department must allege facts that, if true, would support a finding of neglect or dependency under the criteria in section 19-8-102, C.R.S$.2009. See §§ 19-3-501, -502, -505(5), (6), (T)(a), C.R.S.2009. Section 19-8-505(8), C.R.8.2009, requires juvenile courts to conduct adjudicatory hearings within sixty days of service of the petition pertaining to a child younger than six years old.

Section 19-8-505 is captioned "Adjudicatory hearing-findings-adjudieation." The purpose of an adjudicatory hearing is to determine whether the allegations of a petition in dependency and neglect are supported by the evidence. § 19-1-108(8); see also People in Interest of E.A., 638 P.2d 278, 283 (Colo.1981). At the hearing, the court must consider whether the allegations of the petition are supported by a preponderance of the evidence. § 19-8-505(1). As we have already noted, the parent may either deny the facts and require the department to prove the child is neglected or dependent, or waive proof of facts and admit the petition. C.RJ.P. 4.2(b)-(c), 4.8. But when a parent admits the allegations in a petition in neglect or dependency, the court may accept the admission after finding that (1) the parent understands his or her rights, the allegations contained in the petition, and the effect of the admission; and (2) the admission is voluntary. CRIP. 4.2(c).

Section 19-8-505(7)(a) provides that, with one exception, after a court finds that the allegations of the petition have the requisite support, it must sustain the petition. In such cireumstances, the statute does not give the court discretion to dismiss the petition. Seetion 19-8-505(7)(a) further provides that, after finding the petition is supported, the court must "make an order of adjudication setting forth whether the child is neglected or dependent." The only exeeption applies when, after finding the petition is supported, the court continues the case as permitted by section 19-8-505(5).

Section 19-3-505(5)(b) provides that, after finding that the allegations of the petition are supported, the court may defer entry of an adjudicatory order and "continue the hearing from time to time" if the continuance extends "no longer than six months without review by the court," and "[uJpon review, the court may continue the case for an additional period not to exceed six months, after which the petition shall either be dismissed or sustained." See also § 19-3-505(6), (7)(a).

2. Analysis and Conclusions

Mother did not, and does not now, contend that the petition failed to allege sufficient facts to support a finding of neglect or dependency under section 19-1-102. Indeed, she admitted the child was neglected or dependent and requested deferral of adjudication, which may be granted only after the court has found that the child's status as neglected or dependent has been established. As we have already concluded, establishing the child's status as neglected or dependent, in turn, establishes the court's jurisdiction under section 19-1-104(1)(b). And mother has not presented any basis to conclude that, under these circumstances, the court could *418properly have concluded that the child was not neglected or dependent or dismissed the petition.

Section 19-8-505(5) does not purport to address subject matter jurisdiction, nor does it clearly reflect a legislative intention that entry of an adjudicatory order serve as a subject matter jurisdictional requirement. In addition, a court's failure to enter an adjudicatory order after accepting a parent's admission that his or her child is neglected or dependent as to that parent does not result in an exercise of power over a class of cases or persons beyond the court's statutory authority under section 19-1-104(1)(b). To the contrary, by authorizing courts to defer entry of an adjudicatory order and to proceed with the action in the absence of such an order, section 19-3-505(5) confirms that proof of the child's status establishes the court's jurisdiction in the matter and the court's "later failure to follow statutory requirements does not divest the court of subject matter jurisdiction." Interest of Clinton, 762 P.2d at 1387.

Unlike the dissenting opinion, we do not perceive the General Assembly's grant of authority in section 19-8-505(5) to continue "the hearing" and to continue "the case" as clear reflections of a legislative intention to divest juvenile courts of jurisdiction in proceedings in which it is undisputed that the child is neglected or dependent.

Nor are we persuaded that the decision in People in Interest of U.S., 121 P.3d 326, 328 (Colo.App.2005), addresses the question of whether section 19-8-505(5) reflects a clear legislative intent regarding subject matter jurisdiction. There the mother denied the child was neglected or dependent and the jury found that the petition's allegations against her were not sustained by the evidence presented at the hearing. In that context, the division held that the noneustodial father's no fault admission was an insufficient basis to sustain a dependency and ne-gleet adjudication as to mother.

Accordingly, we conclude that when, as here, a court accepts a parent's admission that the child is neglected or dependent, the child's status is established and the court has jurisdiction to conduct further proceedings. If, thereafter, the court fails to enter an adjudicatory order so reflecting as statutorily required, the court does not lose jurisdiction in the matter.3

To the extent mother asserts on appeal that the court erred when it conducted the termination hearing without first entering an adjudicatory order, she does so for the first time. Because any error was not jurisdictional and mother did not preserve the issue of a procedural error for appellate review, she has waived it.

III. Unfitness

Mother asserts the trial court erred in finding that she was an unfit parent. We disagree.

-An unfit parent is one whose conduct or condition renders him or her unable to give a child reasonable parental care. The reasonable parental care standard requires, at a minimum, that the parent provide nurturing and protection adequate to meet the child's physical, emotional, and mental health needs. People in Interest of A.J., 143 P.3d 1143, 1152 (Colo.App.2006).

Here, three-month-old N.D.V. and his six-year-old stepbrother were removed after mother threatened to kill herself and the children because she was angry with father. The trial court determined that mother was unfit because it could not ensure that N.D.V. would be safe in her care. This finding is supported by the following testimony:

e Mother exercised unsupervised overnights with N.D.V. in the week before the child's skull was fractured;

® Mother was not able to protect the child from father and vacillated regarding father's responsibility for two unexplained fractures;

e Mother did not accept responsibility for the fact that the children had to be re*419moved or that N.D.V. could not be returned;

@ Mother neglected to seek medical care for N.D.V. after she was advised of his forehead bruising and it was questionable whether she could meet his medical or emotional needs;

© Mother changed her story about the skull fracture and provided a new explanation seven months later; and the expert testified that mother's explanation would not account for that injury;

® Dr. Carol Marfut, who was appointed as mother's expert and conducted a parent-child interactional assessment in September 2008, testified that the child demonstrated distress upon seeing mother and lacked attachment to her, and that mother lacked empathy for the child and was unable to understand or read his cues;

e Dr. Tracy Hardister, who conducted a parent-child interactional assessment in January 2008, also questioned the child's attachment to mother.

When determining whether mother was a fit parent, the trial court was required to consider (1) the child's multiple injuries, one of which was life threatening; (2) mother's neglect in failing to obtain medical care for the child's forehead injury; and (8) the fact that the child was placed out of the home for seventeen months. See § 19-8-604(2)(d), (£), (k), C.R.S8.2009. The determination of the credibility of the witnesses was also within the court's discretion. See K.D. v. People, 139 P.3d 695, 702 (Colo.2006).

Because each child is considered separately, the trial court was not precluded from terminating mother's parental rights as to N.D.V. simply because his older brother had been returned to her. See People in Interest of D.L.C., 70 P.3d 584, 588 (Colo.App.2003) ("A parent may be unfit as to one, but not all, of his or her children."). In this regard, the trial court stated that mother expressed emotional concern and empathy during testimony regarding the older child, but not as to N.D.V. The court also found with record support that the same protective concerns did not exist for the older child because he had a different father and, being of school age, was surrounded by statutorily mandated reporters who could ensure his safety.

Accordingly, because there is record support for the trial court's findings and conclusion, we will not reverse them. See K.D., 139 P.3d at 702.

IV. Reasonable Efforts

Mother asserts that the department failed to make reasonable efforts to rehabilitate her because it modified the prior plan to reunify N.D.V. with her and thereafter restricted visitation with him. We disagree.

The department must make "reasonable efforts" to prevent the placement of abused and neglected children out of the home and to reunify the family whenever appropriate. § 19-3-100.5(1), C.R.S.2009;, see § 19-1-108(89), C.R.S.2009 ("Services provided by a county or city and county in accordance with section 19-3-208 are deemed to meet the reasonable effort standard described in this subsection (89)."); § 19-3-604(2)(bh), C.R.S. 2009; L.L. v. People, 10 P.3d 1271, 1275 (Colo.2000); People in Interest of A.J.H., 134 P.3d 528, 533 (Colo.App.2006).

Here, the record shows that individual therapy was recommended and offered to mother at all times. She was aware of this counseling requirement as a result of her participation in progress meetings and court hearings, including the first termination hearing six months earlier. However, mother declined to follow the recommendation because she did not believe it was necessary to address her continuing anger and frustration.

The fact that N.D.V. suffered three unexplained injuries while in the care of his parents supported the decision to limit the length of mother's weekly visits with him, and the record does not show that mother requested expansion of those visits. Given those visits, Dr. Marfut was surprised at the child's lack of attachment to mother. Dr. Hardister recommended interactional therapy only if return of the child to mother was contemplated.

It was the trial court's responsibility to weigh the conflicting testimony and to determine whether the department's efforts to *420reunify were reasonable in view of mother's failure to take any responsibility for N.D.V.'s placement or injuries. To the extent mother now claims that her relationship with the child was affected or prejudiced by only one-hour weekly visits, her failure to raise that issue in the trial court precludes her from doing so for the first time on appeal. See People in Interest of D.P., 160 P.3d 351, 355-56 (Colo.App.2007); People in Interest of A.W., 74 P.3d 497, 499 (Colo.App.2003).

' We disagree with mother that the ruling in the recent case of People in Interest of M.M., 215 P.3d 1237 (Colo.App.2009), applies here. There, as mother quotes, the division ruled: "Due to the lack of a scientific basis and reliability, it is inappropriate for an expert witness to rely on polygraph results to form or render any opinions." M.M., 215 P.3d at 1250. Although the trial court had said it did not rely on the father's failed polygraphs, the division there reversed the termination of parental rights because it concluded that several experts had improperly relied on them in concluding that the father was a risk to his daughter.

Here, in contrast, the record does not show that the experts relied upon mother's failed polygraph. Instead, they questioned the child's attachment to mother and her ability to provide a safe environment for N.D.V. based on evidence other than the polygraph. Protective concerns remained in this case because mother never acknowledged the extent of the injuries that N.D.V. sustained, failed to seek appropriate medical care for him, and, for the first time seven months after the injury, offered an unlikely explanation for the skull fracture.

Thus, the record supports the trial court's finding that the department made reasonable efforts to rehabilitate mother.

V. Conduct or Condition Unlikely to Change

Mother asserts that the trial court erred in determining that no additional time would allow her to become fit,. Again, we disagree.

In determining whether a parent's conduct or condition is unlikely to change within a reasonable time, the trial court may consider the parent's social history, the chronic or long-term nature of the parent's conduct or condition, and whether any change has occurred in the course of the dependency and neglect proceeding. K.D., 139 P.3d at 700; D.L.C., 70 P.3d at 588-89. A reasonable time is relative, not indefinite, and must be determined by considering the physical, mental, and emotional conditions and needs of the child. K.D., 139 P.3d at 700; D.L.C., 70 P.3d at 589; see § 19-3-604(3), C.R.S.2009.

Here, the trial court found with record support that the same safety concerns regarding mother's ability to care for N.D.V. persisted after seventeen months. Contrary to mother's representation, her experts did not testify or opine that it would be safe to return the child to her care. Because this proceeding concerned a child under the age of six, N.D.V. was required to be placed in a permanent home no later than twelve months after the original out-of-home placement unless the trial court found that a permanent home was not in his best interests at that time. See § 19-38-7083, C.R.8.2009.

Accordingly, we conclude that the trial court did not err when it found that mother's conduct or condition was unlikely to change within a reasonable time to meet the child's needs.

VI. Less Drastic Alternatives

Finally, we reject mother's assertion that placement with her relatives, approved by a home study in September 2008, was a less drastic alternative to termination.

The trial court must consider and eliminate less drastic alternatives before entering an order terminating the parent-child legal relationship under section 19-3-604(1)(c). See People in Interest of M.M., 726 P.2d 1108, 1123 (Colo.1986) (noting that this requirement is implicit in the statutory scheme); People in Interest of D.B-J., 89 P.3d 530, 531 (Colo.App.2004). It must give primary consideration to the physical, mental, and emotional conditions and needs of the child. § 19-3-604(3); D.B-J., 89 P.3d at *421531; People in Interest of J.M.B., 60 P.3d 790, 793 (Colo.App.2002).

Placement with a family member as an alternative to termination is dependent on the child's best interests and may not be appropriate if it does not provide adequate permanence or otherwise meet the child's needs. People in Interest of T.E.M., 124 P.3d 905, 910 (Colo.App.2005).

Here, the record shows that the maternal uncle's family was approved by an interstate home study completed in September 2008, shortly after the first termination hearing was conducted. However, a decision not to move N.D.V. was made at that time because the child had been in six different placements in one year, had no relationship with mother's relatives, and was bonded to and flourishing with the foster family with which he had been placed for more than a year.

The record shows that these relatives had been contacted when the child was first placed in foster care, but declined to pursue a home study at that time because it was "not the right time" and they believed the child would be returned to mother. The caseworker testified that these relatives were not aware of the nature and extent of the physical injuries the child had suffered, the police investigation into the injuries, or the safety concerns that remained. The evidence also established that an allocation of parental responsibilities was not an alternative to termination, regardless of who would ultimately adopt him, because the child demonstrated vacillating affect and only a minimal attachment to mother, and needed the security and permanency that only termination and adoption would provide.

Accordingly, because it is supported by the record, the trial court's determination that there were no less drastic alternatives to termination is binding on appeal. See K.D., 139 P.3d at 702.

The judgment is affirmed.