Rudisill v. McDonough

Case: 20-1637    Document: 96     Page: 1   Filed: 12/15/2022




   United States Court of Appeals
       for the Federal Circuit
                  ______________________

                  JAMES R. RUDISILL,
                    Claimant-Appellee

                             v.

   DENIS MCDONOUGH, SECRETARY OF VETER-
                ANS AFFAIRS,
              Respondent-Appellant
             ______________________

                        2020-1637
                  ______________________

     Appeal from the United States Court of Appeals for
 Veterans Claims in No. 16-4134, Chief Judge Margaret C.
 Bartley, Senior Judge Mary J. Schoelen, Judge Michael P.
 Allen.
                  ______________________

                Decided: December 15, 2022
                  ______________________

     TIMOTHY L. MCHUGH, Troutman Pepper Hamilton
 Sanders LLP, Richmond, VA, argued for claimant-appellee.
 Also represented by ABBEY M. THORNHILL; DAVID J.
 DEPIPPO, Dominion Energy Services Inc., Richmond, VA.


     GALINA I. FOMENKOVA, Commercial Litigation Branch,
 Civil Division, United States Department of Justice, Wash-
 ington, DC, argued for respondent-appellant. Also repre-
 sented by BRIAN M. BOYNTON, MARTIN F. HOCKEY, JR.,
Case: 20-1637     Document: 96    Page: 2   Filed: 12/15/2022




 2                                   RUDISILL   v. MCDONOUGH



 PATRICIA M. MCCARTHY; Y. KEN LEE, BRYAN THOMPSON, Of-
 fice of General Counsel, United States Department of Vet-
 erans, Washington, DC.

    MICHAEL E. KENNEALLY, Morgan, Lewis & Bockius
 LLP, Washington, DC, for amicus curiae National Veter-
 ans Legal Services Program. Also represented by JAMES D.
 NELSON.

      R. ANDREW AUSTRIA, McGuireWoods LLP, Washington,
 DC, for amici curiae Steven Attaway, Scott Cone, Byron El-
 liott, Elizabeth Lewis, Michael Petta, Eric Richardson.
 Also represented by MATTHEW A. FITZGERALD, Richmond,
 VA.
                   ______________________

      Before MOORE, Chief Judge, NEWMAN, LOURIE, DYK,
       PROST, REYNA, TARANTO, CHEN, HUGHES, STOLL,
          CUNNINGHAM, and STARK, Circuit Judges.*
 Opinion for the court filed by Circuit Judge DYK, in which
  MOORE, Chief Judge, LOURIE, PROST, TARANTO, CHEN,
 HUGHES, STOLL, CUNNINGHAM, and STARK, Circuit Judges,
                             join.
     Dissenting opinion filed by Circuit Judge NEWMAN, in
              which Circuit Judge REYNA joins.
 Dissenting opinion filed by Circuit Judge REYNA, in which
               Circuit Judge NEWMAN joins.
 DYK, Circuit Judge.
    This case involves two education programs enacted by
 Congress for the benefit of veterans—the Montgomery pro-
 gram and the Post-9/11 program. Section 3327(d)(2) of



      * Circuit Judge O’Malley retired on March 11, 2022,
 and did not participate.
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 RUDISILL   v. MCDONOUGH                                       3



 Title 38 limits “the number of months of entitlement . . . to
 educational assistance” for veterans who switch from
 Montgomery program to Post-9/11 program benefits with-
 out first exhausting their Montgomery benefits. The Sec-
 retary of Veterans Affairs appeals from a Court of Appeals
 for Veterans Claims (“Veterans Court”) decision that held
 that § 3327(d)(2) does not apply to veterans with multiple
 periods of service. BO v. Wilkie, 

 (2019).
 Because we hold that the plain language of § 3327(d)(2) ap-
 plies to veterans with multiple periods of service, we re-
 verse. 1
                         BACKGROUND
                                I
      The United States has long offered education benefits
 to those that have served in the armed forces. In 1944,
 Congress enacted the “GI Bill” to provide education bene-
 fits to World War II veterans. See Servicemen’s Readjust-
 ment Act of 1944, 

 Stat. 284. Over
 the decades, Congress has offered education benefits to
 new generations of veterans.2 At issue in this case are two
 such programs—the Montgomery GI Bill and the Post-9/11
 GI Bill.
     Congress enacted the Montgomery GI Bill in 1984. See
 Veterans’ Educational Assistance Act of 1984, 

 Stat. 2492, 2553. Codified in Chapter 30 of Title


     1   In this context, a period of service is a period of ser-
 vice sufficient to earn education benefits.
     2   See, e.g., Veterans’ Readjustment Assistance Act of
 1952, 

 Stat. 663; Veterans’ Readjust-
 ment Benefits Act of 1966, 

 Stat. 12;
 Veterans’ Education and Employment Assistance Act of
 1976, 

 Stat. 2383; and Veterans’ Re-
 habilitation and Education Amendments of 1980, 

 Stat. 2171.
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 4                                   RUDISILL   v. MCDONOUGH



 38, the Montgomery GI Bill provides education benefits for
 veterans who serve on active duty between July 1, 1985,
 and September 30, 2030. See 

(a)(1)(A).
 Codified in Chapter 33, the Post-9/11 GI Bill was enacted
 in 2008 and provides education benefits for veterans who
 serve on active duty after September 11, 2001. See Post-
 9/11 Veterans Educational Assistance Act of 2008, 

 Stat. 2323, 2357; 

(b).
     Under the Montgomery GI Bill, a veteran is entitled to
 a maximum of 36 months of benefits. This cap applies no
 matter how long the veteran has served or how many peri-
 ods of service the veteran has provided. See 

(a)(1). The same is true of the Post-9/11 program.
 The maximum period of benefits that a veteran may earn
 under the Post-9/11 program is 36 months. See 

 § 3312(a).
      Since both Montgomery and Post-9/11 benefits can be
 earned for the same period or periods of service, Congress
 continued and adopted various provisions to limit the ben-
 efits under the two programs. First, Congress had previ-
 ously enacted a 48-month cap on benefits programs
 generally, 

(a), and amended that section
 to include the Post-9/11 program. 

(b)(1)(B), 

, 2375. Second, in enacting
 the Post-9/11 program, Congress provided that benefits un-
 der the two programs could not be received concurrently.
 See 

(a)(1), 

, 2373
 (codified at 

(a)). Third, in 2011, Congress
 enacted § 3322(h), which was designed to prevent a veteran
 with a single period of service from earning more than 36
 months of benefits under the two programs combined. See
 Post-9/11 Veterans Educational Assistance Improvements
 Act of 2010, 

, 

,
 4120–21 (2011); S. REP. 111-346, at 19 (2010).
     Fourth, in 2008 as part of the Post-9/11 program, Con-
 gress enacted 

(d)—the provision at issue
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 RUDISILL   v. MCDONOUGH                                     5



 in this case. 3 Section 3327(a) describes various classes of
 individuals “eligible to elect participation in post-9/11 edu-
 cational assistance.” One such class of individuals includes
 those who are “entitled to basic educational assistance un-
 der [the Montgomery program] and [have] used, but re-
 tain[] unused, entitlement under that [program].” 

(a)(1)(A). Subsection (d) establishes a “[l]im-
 itation on entitlement” for such individuals.              

 § 3327(d)(2). For those individuals, “the number of months
 of entitlement . . . to educational assistance under [the
 Post-9/11 program] shall be the number of months equal to
 . . . the number of months of unused entitlement of the in-
 dividual under [the Montgomery program], as of the date
 of the election.” Id. § 3327(d)(2)(A).4 The veteran here con-
 tends, and the Veterans Court concluded, that this limit
 does not apply to veterans with multiple periods of qualify-
 ing service and that he was entitled to a full 48 months of
 benefits. The court found that Mr. Rudisill had used 25
 months and 14 days of Montgomery benefits and was likely
 entitled to an additional 22 months and 16 days of benefits,
 which he could take entirely as Post-9/11 benefits.
                               II




     3    The relevant provisions of 

 were
 first enacted as part of the Post-9/11 statute (§ 5003(c)) and
 later codified as § 3327 in 2016. See 

(c), 

, 2375–78; Jeff Miller and Richard
 Blumenthal Veterans Health Care and Benefits Improve-
 ment Act of 2016, 

(a), 

, 1555–58.
      4   The statute provides for an exception, not at issue
 here, equal to “the number of months, if any, of entitlement
 revoked by the individual under subsection (c)(1),” which
 relates to the transfer of educational assistance to family
 members. 

(d)(2)(B).
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 6                                   RUDISILL   v. MCDONOUGH



     The facts of Mr. Rudisill’s case are straightforward.
 Mr. Rudisill served three periods of active-duty service be-
 tween January 2000 and August 2011, totaling nearly 8
 years of active-duty service. Mr. Rudisill’s first period of
 service, from January 2000 to June 2002, qualified him for
 Montgomery education benefits, which he began using for
 his undergraduate education in 2003. He served again
 while finishing his undergraduate degree, ultimately using
 25 months and 14 days of Montgomery benefits for his un-
 dergraduate education.
     After leaving military service in 2011, Mr. Rudisill was
 accepted into Yale Divinity School. Mr. Rudisill filed an
 application for Department of Veterans Affairs (“VA”) edu-
 cation benefits (VA Form 22-1990) online. He applied for
 “Chapter 33 – Post-9/11 GI Bill” benefits, making a “Chap-
 ter 33 in Lieu of Chapter 30 [Montgomery program]” elec-
 tion. In filing the application, Mr. Rudisill acknowledged
 the following:
     By electing Chapter 33 [Post-9/11 benefits], I
     acknowledge that I understand the following: . . . .
     If electing chapter 33 in lieu of chapter 30 [Mont-
     gomery benefits], my months of entitlement under
     chapter 33 will be limited to the number of months
     of entitlement remaining under chapter 30 on the
     effective date of my election. However, if I com-
     pletely exhaust my entitlement under chapter 30
     before the effective date of my chapter 33 election,
     I may receive up to 12 additional months of benefits
     under chapter 33.
     My election is irrevocable and may not be changed.
 J.A. 585 (emphasis added, formatting altered); see also J.A.
 708–711 (paper form). Mr. Rudisill listed an effective date
 of March 18, 2015, and elected to receive “Chapter 33 –
 Post-9/11” benefits in lieu of “Chapter 30; MGIB.”
 J.A. 583–85.
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 RUDISILL   v. MCDONOUGH                                      7



     The VA issued Mr. Rudisill a certificate of eligibility for
 10 months and 16 days of Post-9/11 benefits—an amount
 equal to Mr. Rudisill’s remaining Montgomery entitlement.
 Mr. Rudisill appealed the decision to the Board of Veterans’
 Appeals (“the Board”), seeking the “full potential amount
 of education assistance benefits” available under the Post-
 9/11 program, “instead of being limited to his remaining
 time under [the Montgomery program].” J.A. 59. The
 Board denied the appeal, holding that “[a]dditional educa-
 tional assistance benefits under [the Post-9/11 program]
 are not allowed because the Veteran made an irrevocable
 election to receive benefits under [the Post-9/11 program],
 in lieu of benefits under [the Montgomery program].”
 J.A. 64.
      Mr. Rudisill appealed the Board’s decision to the Vet-
 erans Court. A split panel agreed with Mr. Rudisill. The
 majority opinion found the statute ambiguous and held
 that “Congress’s statutory scheme is best interpreted to
 provide that separate periods of qualifying service allow a
 veteran such as [Mr. Rudisill] to receive full benefits under
 both programs subject to an aggregate cap on all such ben-
 efits.” J.A. 7. The majority implicitly concluded that 

 only “applies to those individuals with a sin-
 gle period of service already positioned to use [Montgom-
 ery] benefits.” J.A. 25. Then-Judge Bartley 5 dissented.
 She concluded that 

, including its limita-
 tion on entitlement for veterans who had used only part of
 their Montgomery benefits, unambiguously applied to Mr.
 Rudisill. Since Mr. Rudisill “voluntarily signed an irrevo-
 cable election to receive Post-9/11 education benefits . . .
 section 3327 prescribes that his entitlement to Post-9/11
 benefits is limited to 10 months and 16 days, which was the
 unused remainder of his [Montgomery] entitlement when
 he filed his section 3327 election.” J.A. 30.



     5   Judge Bartley has since become Chief Judge.
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 8                                    RUDISILL   v. MCDONOUGH



     The Secretary appealed the Veterans Court’s decision
 to our Court. Initially, a split panel affirmed. Rudisill v.
 McDonough, 

 (Fed. Cir. 2021). The Sec-
 retary petitioned for rehearing en banc. We granted the
 Secretary’s petition and vacated the panel opinion.
 Rudisill v. McDonough, No. 2020-1637, 

 (Fed. Cir. Feb. 3, 2022) (per curiam). We directed the par-
 ties to brief the following questions:
     For a veteran who qualifies for the Montgomery GI
     Bill and the Post-9/11 GI Bill under a separate pe-
     riod of qualifying service, what is the veteran’s
     statutory entitlement to education benefits?
     What is the relation between the 48-month entitle-
     ment in 

(a), and the 36-month en-
     titlement in § 3327(d)(2), as applied to veterans
     such as Mr. Rudisill with two or more periods of
     qualifying military service?
 Id. at *1 (formatting modified).
                         DISCUSSION
                               I
     Mr. Rudisill first argues that we lack jurisdiction to
 consider this appeal because the government’s appeal was
 not properly authorized by the Solicitor General before the
 jurisdictional deadline.
     Section 7292(a) of Title 38 authorizes the Federal Cir-
 cuit to review decisions of the Veterans Court “with respect
 to the validity of a decision of the [Veterans] Court on . . .
 any statute or regulation . . . or any interpretation thereof
 (other than a determination as to a factual matter) that
 was relied on by the [Veterans] Court in making the
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 RUDISILL   v. MCDONOUGH                                    9



 decision.” 6 The notice of appeal must be filed within 60
 days. Id.; see 

(b). Under regulations prom-
 ulgated by the Attorney General, the Solicitor General is
 responsible for “[d]etermining whether . . . appeals will be
 taken by the Government to all appellate courts.” 

(b). In other words, the Solicitor General must
 authorize all appeals taken by the Department of Justice.
    Here, the Veterans Court entered a final judgment on
 January 7, 2020. The Secretary filed a notice of appeal 59
 days later, on March 6, 2020. The Solicitor General did not
 authorize the appeal until May 27, 2020, 141 days after the
 Veterans Court’s final judgment.
      Mr. Rudisill argues that under Federal Election Com-
 mission v. NRA Political Victory Fund, 

 (1994)
 (“FEC”), the Solicitor General’s authorization was un-
 timely and deprives this court of jurisdiction. In FEC, the
 Federal Election Commission (“FEC”) had filed a petition
 for certiorari before the 90-day deadline had passed. 

. The Solicitor General authorized the petition after the
 deadline. 

. The Supreme Court held that the FEC
 did not have independent authority to litigate before the
 Supreme Court. 

 “Because the FEC lacks statutory au-
 thority to litigate this case in [the Supreme] Court, it nec-
 essarily follows that the FEC cannot independently file a
 petition for certiorari, but must receive the Solicitor Gen-
 eral’s authorization.” 

 Under these circumstances, the


     6   The Veterans Court remanded to the Board of Vet-
 erans’ Appeals. Although we typically do not review re-
 mand orders, Williams v. Principi, 

 (Fed. Cir. 2002), we nevertheless may review “a clear and
 final decision on a legal issue that will directly govern the
 remand proceedings [where] there is a substantial risk that
 the issue will not survive a remand.” Frederick v. Shinseki,
 

 (Fed. Cir. 2012) (citing Williams, 

).
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 10                                   RUDISILL   v. MCDONOUGH



 Solicitor General’s “‘after-the-fact’ authorization [did] not
 relate[] back to the date of the FEC’s unauthorized filing so
 as to make it timely.” Id. at 99.
      The FEC decision is not applicable here. This case does
 not involve an agency of the United States without inde-
 pendent litigating authority that has filed its own petition
 for certiorari or notice of appeal. Rather, here, the Depart-
 ment of Justice—which indisputably has the authority to
 file its own appeals—has filed an appeal on behalf of the
 Secretary of Veterans Affairs. When the United States ap-
 peals, “the Attorney General and the Solicitor General
 shall conduct and argue suits and appeals in . . . the United
 States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit” unless “the
 Attorney General in a particular case directs otherwise.”
 

(a). The Attorney General has required So-
 licitor General authorization for appeals to this court. 

(b). But the Attorney General also delegated
 his general litigating authority to the Assistant Attorney
 General for the Civil Division to conduct most civil litiga-
 tion (including these types of cases) “by and against the
 United States [and] its agencies . . . in all courts and ad-
 ministrative tribunals to enforce Government rights, func-
 tions, and monetary claims.” 

(h); see also
 

 § 0.46.
      The Assistant Attorney General for the Civil Division
 has interpreted that authority to extend to filing protective
 notices of appeals pending a decision by the Solicitor Gen-
 eral. Although the Solicitor General is tasked with “con-
 duct[ing], handl[ing], or supervis[ing]” the determination
 of whether the government will appeal adverse decisions,
 

(b), that supervision does not preclude the
 Assistant Attorney General from filing protective appeals
 pursuant to his broad grant of authority to conduct civil
 litigation on behalf of the government. See Hogg v. United
 States, 

 (6th Cir. 1970) (“[N]othing in 

(b) . . . requires the Solicitor General to have
 authorized the prosecution of an appeal before the filing of
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 RUDISILL   v. MCDONOUGH                                      11



 the notice of appeal.”). This is not to say that the Assistant
 Attorney General has the authority under 

 to prosecute an appeal after filing a protective notice with-
 out the Solicitor General’s authorization, which is clearly
 required by 

(b). See id. at 280 (distinguish-
 ing “filing of [a] notice of appeal” from “authoriz[ing] the
 prosecution of an appeal,” the latter of which must be done
 by the Solicitor General). We thus conclude that the Assis-
 tant Attorney General for the Civil Division, pursuant to
 delegated authority, has properly filed a protective notice
 of appeal pending Solicitor General approval. 7



     7    Mr. Rudisill argues that § 6 of the DOJ Directive
 promulgated by the Principal Deputy Assistant Attorney
 General for the Civil Division only authorizes protective
 notices of appeal involving “any direct reference or dele-
 gated case,” 28 C.F.R. Pt. 0, Subpt. Y App. § 6, a category
 that does not include cases from the Veterans Court. Be-
 cause we conclude that the Assistant Attorney General had
 the authority to file the protective appeal in this case pur-
 suant to 

, and the appeal was filed under
 this authority, see ECF No. 1–2, we need not decide
 whether § 6 also authorizes the appeal. But the language
 of § 6 concerning protective notices of appeal appears not
 to be limited to delegated or direct reference cases (like
 other parts of § 6). It provides that:
     Until the Solicitor General has made a decision
     whether an appeal will be taken, the Government
     attorney handling the case must take all necessary
     procedural actions to preserve the Government’s
     right to take an appeal, including filing a protective
     notice of appeal when the time to file a notice of
     appeal is about to expire and the Solicitor General
     has not yet made a decision. Nothing in the forego-
     ing directive affects this obligation.
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 12                                    RUDISILL   v. MCDONOUGH



     The decisions of our sister circuits in Hogg and United
 States v. Hill, 

, 991 n.6 (5th Cir. 1994), support
 this conclusion. In Hogg, the appellee argued that the gov-
 ernment’s notice of appeal was “fatally defective because it
 was filed by the United States Attorney at a time when the
 Solicitor General had not authorized the appeal.” 

. The Sixth Circuit disagreed, holding that the “At-
 torney General has plenary power over the conduct of liti-
 gation to which the United States is a party” and the
 United States Attorney filing the notice of appeal was au-
 thorized to do so by internal instructions at the Depart-
 ment of Justice requiring protective notices of appeal. 

 at 278–80. The Sixth Circuit held that “nothing in
 

(b) . . . requires the Solicitor General to
 have authorized the prosecution of an appeal before the fil-
 ing of the notice of appeal.” Id. at 280. Accordingly, there
 was no defect in the government’s notice of appeal. In Hill,
 the Fifth Circuit followed Hogg. Hill, 

 n.6.
 Mr. Rudisill points to no case reaching a contrary conclu-
 sion.
     In this case, the Assistant Attorney General for the
 Civil Division, pursuant to delegated authority, timely di-
 rected the filing of a notice of appeal. We accordingly have
 jurisdiction over this appeal.
                              II
     We turn to the merits of the case. The standard of re-
 view as to issues of statutory interpretation is de novo. See
 Sucic v. Wilkie, 

 (Fed. Cir. 2019). By
 its plain language, § 3327(d)(2) applies to Mr. Rudisill.
 Section 3327(d)(2) establishes a limit on education benefits
 for an individual who “mak[es] an election under subsec-
 tion (a) who is described by paragraph (1)(A) of that sub-
 section.” Paragraph (1)(A) describes an individual who



 28 C.F.R. Pt. 0, Subpt. Y App. § 6.
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 RUDISILL   v. MCDONOUGH                                    13



 “elect[s] to receive educational assistance under [the Post-
 9/11 program]” and who “(1) as of August 1, 2009—(A) is
 entitled to basic educational assistance under [the Mont-
 gomery program] and has used, but retains unused, enti-
 tlement under [the Montgomery program.]” 

(a)(1)(A). Mr. Rudisill is such an individual. He does
 not dispute that he had “used, but retain[ed] unused”
 Montgomery benefits and sought Post-9/11 benefits. See,
 e.g., Appellee’s Br. 51 n.15 (Mr. Rudisill “has ‘used, but re-
 tains unused’ Montgomery entitlement and seeks Post-9/11
 benefits.”) Rather, Mr. Rudisill disputes that he made the
 election described in § 3327(a) when he chose to forgo his
 Montgomery benefits and instead seek Post-9/11 benefits.
 Id. But we see no basis for interpreting “election” in
 § 3327(a)(1)(A) not to cover Mr. Rudisill’s election of Post-
 9/11 benefits instead of exhausting his Montgomery bene-
 fits. Given the breadth of the statute, Mr. Rudisill falls un-
 der Paragraph (1)(A) as an individual who both “elect[s] to
 receive educational assistance under [the Post-9/11 pro-
 gram]” and who “(1) as of August 1, 2009—(A) is entitled to
 basic educational assistance under [the Montgomery pro-
 gram] and has used, but retains unused, entitlement under
 [the Montgomery program.]” Section 3327(d)(2) unambig-
 uously limits the “number of months of entitlement” for
 such an individual to “the number of months of unused en-
 titlement of the individual under [the Montgomery pro-
 gram].”
     Mr. Rudisill nonetheless contends that § 3327(d) only
 applies to individuals with a single period of service. The
 Veterans Court and the panel majority agreed. But there
 is no such limit in the language of the provision, nor any
 suggestion in its legislative history that the section is so
 limited. Sections 3322(d) and 3327 do not mention periods
 of service. The only related section that distinguishes vet-
 erans with a single period of service from veterans with
 multiple periods of service is § 3322(h), which was enacted
 after the provisions at issue here and which was intended
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 14                                   RUDISILL   v. MCDONOUGH



 to prevent veterans from being able to “exhaust[] entitle-
 ment to 36 months of training under the [Montgomery pro-
 gram and] subsequently enroll and receive an additional 12
 months of entitlement under the Post-9/11 GI Bill based on
 the same period of service.” S. REP. 111-346, at 19.
     Moreover, under Mr. Rudisill’s interpretation, veter-
 ans with multiple periods of service would not be able to
 avail themselves of the benefits of § 3327(f) and (g), which
 are both triggered by the same paragraph (a)(1)(A) election
 as the limit in § 3327(d). Subsection (f) provides additional
 assistance to veterans who make the § 3327(a)(1)(A) elec-
 tion and who have previously made contributions toward
 the Montgomery program. Subsection (g) allows veterans
 making the § 3327(a)(1)(A) election to retain their recruit-
 ment incentives for critical skills. There is no indication
 that Congress intended to limit these benefits to veterans
 with a single period of service.
      Mr. Rudisill argues that the 48-month limitation on ed-
 ucation benefits under 

(a) is the only limit
 that should apply here. Section 3695(a) provides, “The ag-
 gregate period for which any person may receive assistance
 under two or more of the provisions of law listed below [in-
 cluding the Montgomery program and the Post-9/11 pro-
 gram] may not exceed 48 months . . . .” This provision “is
 not a source of veterans benefits,” Carr v. Wilkie, 

 (Fed. Cir. 2020), but rather an additional limi-
 tation on a veteran’s use of education benefits from multi-
 ple programs. There is nothing unusual about having
 multiple benefit limitations in a single statute. See
 RadLAX Gateway Hotel, LLC v. Amalgamated Bank, 

 (2012) (holding that where “a general author-
 ization and a more limited, specific authorization exist
 side-by-side” in a statutory scheme, “[t]he terms of the spe-
 cific authorization must be complied with”). Section 3695
 does not state or imply that the plain language of 

(d)(2) is inapplicable to veterans with multiple peri-
 ods of service.
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 RUDISILL   v. MCDONOUGH                                   15



     Mr. Rudisill contends that the pro-veteran canon of in-
 terpretation supports the result he favors. Under the pro-
 veteran canon, “interpretive doubt is to be resolved in the
 veteran’s favor.” Brown v. Gardner, 

 (1994). Whatever role this canon plays in statutory inter-
 pretation, it plays no role where the language of the statute
 is unambiguous—the situation here. It is not our task to
 rewrite the statute to make it more favorable to veterans
 when the statutory language is clear.8
                           CONCLUSION
     Section 3327 applies to Mr. Rudisill and limits his Post-
 9/11 benefits to 10 months and 16 days, the amount of his
 unused Montgomery entitlement.
                        REVERSED




     8   Mr. Rudisill suggests that the government’s posi-
 tion is contrary to its own regulations implementing the
 Post-9/11 program. There is no inconsistency. Subsection
 21.9550(b)(1) of Title 38 of the Code of Federal Regulations
 specifically tracks the language of 

(d)(2):
     An individual who, as of August 1, 2009, has used
     entitlement under [the Montgomery program], but
     retains unused entitlement under that chapter,
     makes an irrevocable election to receive educa-
     tional assistance under the provisions of [the Post-
     9/11 program] instead of educational assistance
     under the provisions of [the Montgomery program],
     will be limited to one month (or partial month) of
     entitlement under [the Post-9/11 program] for each
     month (or partial month) of unused entitlement un-
     der [the Montgomery program] (including any
     months of [Montgomery program] entitlement pre-
     viously transferred to a dependent that the individ-
     ual has revoked).
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 16                               RUDISILL   v. MCDONOUGH



                         COSTS
 No costs.
Case: 20-1637    Document: 96      Page: 17   Filed: 12/15/2022




    United States Court of Appeals
        for the Federal Circuit
                  ______________________

                  JAMES R. RUDISILL,
                    Claimant-Appellee

                              v.

        DENIS MCDONOUGH, SECRETARY OF
               VETERANS AFFAIRS,
                Respondent-Appellant
               ______________________

                        2020-1637
                  ______________________

     Appeal from the United States Court of Appeals for
 Veterans Claims in No. 16-4134, Chief Judge Margaret C.
 Bartley, Senior Judge Mary J. Schoelen, Judge Michael P.
 Allen.
                  ______________________

 NEWMAN, Circuit Judge, with whom REYNA, Circuit Judge,
 joins, dissenting.
      The court now holds, en banc, that veterans with more
 than one period of military service who switch their unused
 Montgomery education benefits to Post-9/11 benefits are
 not entitled to the aggregate 48 months of education bene-
 fits that the statute provides. The court holds: “Section
 3327(d)(2) of Title 38 limits ‘the number of months of enti-
 tlement . . . to educational assistance’ for veterans who
 switch from Montgomery program to Post-9/11 program
 benefits without first exhausting their Montgomery bene-
 fits,” thereby capping at 36 months the total benefits for
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 2                                     RUDISILL   v. MCDONOUGH



 veteran Rudisill’s three separate enlistments. Maj. Op. at
 2–3 (ellipses in original). The court holds that a veteran’s
 total education benefits are limited to “the number of
 months of unused entitlement of the individual under [the
 Montgomery program].” Maj. Op. at 13 (brackets in origi-
 nal).
     Thus the court reverses the decision of the U.S. Court
 of Appeals for Veterans Claims (“Veterans Court”), and
 holds that three-time Army veteran James Rudisill is not
 entitled to the 48 months of total education benefits earned
 by re-enlistment. The court instead limits him to the 36
 months of education benefits from his initial period of mil-
 itary service. This holding is contrary to statute, regula-
 tion, and policy. I respectfully dissent.
                          DISCUSSION
                               A
     Mr. Rudisill has eight years of military ser-
     vice in three enlistments, and is entitled by
     statute to 48 months of education benefits
    Mr. Rudisill served three tours of active duty in the
 United States Army. His first enlistment, from January
 2000 to June 2002, entitled him to 36 months of education
 benefits under the Montgomery GI Bill—the only bill then
 applicable. He used 25 months and 14 days of Montgomery
 benefits for his undergraduate education, leaving 10
 months and 16 days of unused benefits from this enlist-
 ment period.
     He re-enlisted for two additional periods, serving from
 June 2004 to December 2005, then November 2007 to Au-
 gust 2011. He served in Iraq and Afghanistan and received
 medals, commendations, and the rank of Captain. He
 earned 36 months of education benefits for each period of
 service and is entitled to benefits for all periods, subject to
 the aggregate cap of 48 months. 

(a).
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 RUDISILL   v. MCDONOUGH                                     3



      The Post-9/11 GI Bill was enacted in 2008, to provide
 enhanced education benefits compared with the Montgom-
 ery and earlier education bills, including increased support
 for tuition, housing, books, and supplies. The Post-9/11 Bill
 was made retroactively applicable to veterans serving after
 September 11, 2001; such veterans with unused prior ben-
 efits were authorized to elect to receive Post-9/11 benefits
 in place of their prior benefits. Mr. Rudisill made this elec-
 tion for his unused Montgomery benefits.
      Mr. Rudisill now seeks to use his education benefits for
 post-graduate education. He converted his unused Mont-
 gomery benefits of 10 months 16 days into Post-9/11 bene-
 fits, and sought to also use additional Post-9/11 benefits
 from his re-enlistment service, up to the cap of 48 months.
 However, the Veterans Administration (“VA”) held that his
 Post-9/11 benefits are limited to the number of months and
 days of his unused Montgomery benefits from his initial pe-
 riod of service, capping the total benefits for his three en-
 listments at 36 months. The VA held that he could not
 receive additional Post-9/11 benefits.
     The Veterans Court reversed the VA, and held that Mr.
 Rudisill is entitled to the requested total of 22 months and
 16 days of Post-9/11 benefits, that is, the unused 10 months
 and 16 days from his first period of service plus 12 months
 of benefits from his re-enlistment, thus meeting the aggre-
 gate cap of 48 months.1 My colleagues now reverse the Vet-
 erans Court, and “limit[] his Post-9/11 benefits to 10
 months and 16 days, the amount of his unused Montgom-
 ery entitlement.” Maj. Op. at 15.
    Thus this court denies Mr. Rudisill the additional 12
 months of Post-9/11 benefits earned by re-enlistment and



     1    BO v. Wilkie, 

 (2019) (“Vet. Ct.
 Op.”).
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 4                                    RUDISILL   v. MCDONOUGH



 rules that veterans with multiple periods of service are lim-
 ited to 36 months total education benefits if they choose to
 use their unused Montgomery benefits under the Post-9/11
 Bill. This ruling is incorrect, as shown by statute, regula-
 tions, and the history of GI education bills.
                              B
     The purpose of the Post-9/11 GI Bill is to enlarge
     and reinforce education benefits for veterans
     The Post-9/11 GI Bill was introduced by Senator Jim
 Webb, a Vietnam veteran, GI Bill beneficiary, and former
 Secretary of the Navy. The Bill was “designed to enhance”
 the education benefits for all veterans serving after Sep-
 tember 11, 2001, and “to give the appropriate level of recog-
 nition and respect to people who have been serving since
 9/11 rather than having to rely on the Montgomery GI Bill,
 which is a peacetime bill.” Hearing on Pending Benefits
 Legislation: Hearing Before the S. Comm. on Veterans’ Af-
 fairs, 110th Cong. 5–6 (2007).
      The Post-9/11 Bill assured that veterans with unused
 Montgomery entitlements could use those entitlements for
 the enhanced Post-9/11 support, and it preserved the pro-
 visions whereby separate periods of qualifying service earn
 additional months of benefits up to the aggregate total of
 48 months. Following is an outline of the principal relevant
 provisions.
      

 provides 48 months of total ed-
      ucation benefits for re-enlisting veterans
     The purpose of providing additional months of benefits
 to veterans who re-enlist is both to show appreciation of
 their additional service and to give an incentive to re-en-
 listment. The 48 months total education benefits for veter-
 ans with more than one period of service and qualifying
 under more than one benefits program is codified at 

.     Section 3695 is an “administrative
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 RUDISILL   v. MCDONOUGH                                   5



 provision” applicable to all education programs; the Mont-
 gomery and Post-9/11 benefits are listed in subsection
 (a)(4):
     

. Limitation on period of as-
     sistance under two or more programs.
     (a) The aggregate period for which any person may
     receive assistance under two or more of the provi-
     sions of law listed below may not exceed 48 months
     (or the part-time equivalent thereof):
          (1) Parts VII or VIII, Veterans Regulation
          numbered 1(a), as amended.
          (2) Title II of the Veterans’ Readjustment
          Assistance Act of 1952.
          (3) The War Orphans’ Educational Assis-
          tance Act of 1956.
          (4) Chapters 30, 32, 33, 34, and 36.
          (5) Chapters 107, 1606, 1607, and 1611 of
          title 10.
          (6) Section 903 of the Department of De-
          fense Authorization Act, 1981 (

 U.S.C. 2141 note).
          (7) The Hostage Relief Act of 1980 (

 U.S.C. 5561 note).
          (8) The Omnibus Diplomatic Security and
          Antiterrorism Act of 1986 (Public Law 99-
          399).
     The 48-month aggregate period has a long history. Un-
 der the World War II GI Bill of 1944, veterans were entitled
 to up to 48 months of education benefits. The Korean War
 GI Bill reduced the term to 36 months. The Vietnam-era
 GI Bill provided that veterans eligible under more than one
 of the World War II, Korean War, and Vietnam War GI
 Bills would receive up to 48 months of benefits for distinct
 periods of qualifying service. An estimated 20.7 million
 veterans furthered their education under these GI Bills
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 6                                    RUDISILL   v. MCDONOUGH



 alone. Donald J. Spaulding, The Four Major GI Bills: A
 Historical Study of Shifting National Purposes and the Ac-
 companying Changes in Economic Value to Veterans (Dec.
 2000) (Ph.D. dissertation, University of North Texas)
 (available at https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/-
 metadc2692/m2/1/high_res_d/dissertation.pdf).
     The GI Bills since 1968 all provide that a re-enlisting
 veteran eligible under multiple programs earns aggregate
 education benefits up to the total of 48 months. Yet the
 court today holds that re-enlisting veterans are capped at
 an aggregate total of 36 months if they convert their un-
 used Montgomery benefits into Post-9/11 benefits. This
 holding cannot be reconciled with any statute.
     Under the provisions enacted in the Vietnam-era GI
 Bill and still codified today, an eligible veteran is author-
 ized to “use at least 12 months of any entitlement that he
 earned as a result of post-Korean service, notwithstanding
 the fact that he had previously received a full 36 months of
 education or training under one or more of the other Veter-
 ans’ Administration education assistance program or pro-
 grams.” S. Rep. No. 90-1394, 4487 (1968), reprinted in 1968
 U.S.C.C.A.N. 4484. This Senate Report explains that “if
 the veteran finds that he does need additional education,
 such as a master’s degree to successfully enter into a teach-
 ing profession, the opportunity should be open to him. The
 notion is that we reward extra service and recognize that
 further education today may be necessary for adequate re-
 adjustment.” 

     This long-standing provision is now casually elimi-
 nated by my colleagues, as the court en banc “limits [Mr.
 Rudisill’s] Post-9/11 benefits to 10 months and 16 days, the
 amount of his unused Montgomery entitlement.” Maj. Op.
 at 15. The court does not mention these 50+ years of un-
 derstanding and purpose of the GI Bills. Instead, the court
 now holds that veterans who re-enlist are capped at an
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 RUDISILL   v. MCDONOUGH                                     7



 aggregate total of 36 months of entitlement, if they convert
 their unused Montgomery benefits into Post-9/11 benefits.
 This holding, which dramatically reduces education bene-
 fits for re-enlisting veterans, has no support in any statute.
     The Post-9/11 Bill provides for converting unused
 Montgomery benefits into Post-9/11 benefits, but it does
 not thereby eliminate additional benefits for re-enlisting
 veterans, up to the 48-month cap. The VA had taken this
 position, but the Veterans Court corrected that holding, on
 thorough statutory review.
     The Veterans Court explained that § 3695(a) provides
 that the benefit-exchange election provisions in the Post-
 9/11 Bill do not change the total months of entitlement for
 veterans with multiple periods of service. As the Veterans
 Court explained, the Post-9/11 statute authorizes veterans
 with separate entitlements to “switch freely between pro-
 grams.” Vet. Ct. Op. at 341–43 (citing 

,
 21.9690, 21.9635(w)). This court now reverses that hold-
 ing, and rules that if a veteran with unused Montgomery
 benefits switches to Post-9/11 benefits, the veteran loses
 the additional months of Post-9/11 benefits earned by re-
 enlistment. No statute supports this ruling.
                               C
     

 and § 3327 do not deprive re-
     enlisting veterans of the 48-month cap if the
     veterans convert unused Montgomery benefits
     to Post-9/11 benefits
     The court erroneously states that 

(d)
 and § 3327 support the present ruling. These provisions
 relate to switching unused Montgomery or other unused
 benefits from a given period of service to Post-9/11 benefits.
 These provisions do not relate to the entitlement of veter-
 ans with multiple periods of service to additional benefits
 up to the cap of 48 months.
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 8                                    RUDISILL   v. MCDONOUGH




     

(a) concerns concurrent receipt of sep-
 arate entitlements for the same period of service. This sec-
 tion, like § 3327, is concerned with prohibiting concurrent
 benefits provided under different programs. These condi-
 tions may arise because the Post-9/11 Bill, although en-
 acted in 2008, grants retroactive entitlement for service
 since September 11, 2001.
    

 is captioned “Bar to duplication of ed-
 ucational assistance benefits,” and includes:
     

(d). Additional coordination
     matters.—
         In the case of an individual entitled to educa-
     tional assistance under chapter 30, 31, 32, or 35 of
     this title, chapter 107, 1606, or 1607 of title 10, or
     the provisions of the Hostage Relief Act of 1980, or
     making contributions toward entitlement to educa-
     tional assistance under chapter 30 of this title, as
     of August 1, 2009, coordination of entitlement to
     educational assistance under this chapter, on the
     one hand, and such chapters or provisions, on the
     other, shall be governed by the provisions of section
     5003(c) of the Post-9/11 Veterans Educational As-
     sistance Act of 2008.
 The referenced § 5003(c) authorizes the exchange of un-
 used benefits available under other programs for the Post-
 9/11 benefits. Nothing in any statute or regulation sug-
 gests that by making this exchange the veteran forfeits ac-
 cess to the additional re-enlistment Post-9/11 benefits up
 to 48 months.
     The Veterans Court observed that § 3322(d) allows con-
 version of Montgomery benefits into Post-9/11 benefits for
 any period of Montgomery service. Vet. Ct. Op. at 342. Sec-
 tion 3322(d) does not concern multiple periods of service.
 The holding that Mr. Rudisill’s conversion of his unused
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 RUDISILL   v. MCDONOUGH                                    9



 Montgomery benefits bars entitlement to Post-9/11 bene-
 fits earned by re-enlistment is contrary to the Post-9/11
 statute. The Veterans Court declined to “assume a mean-
 ing in subsection (d)’s silence that automatically disad-
 vantages veterans.” Id. at 339.
     The Veterans Court referred to other provisions of the
 Post-9/11 Bill, such as § 3322(g) which relates to trans-
 ferred education benefits to dependents and assures
 preservation of up to 48 month of benefits; and other pro-
 visions preserving “extra benefits based on multiple, sepa-
 rately qualifying periods of service.” Id. at 336–37.
 Sections 3322 and 3327 provide a mechanism for exchang-
 ing benefits previously subject to the Montgomery Bill for
 benefits under the Post-9/11 Bill for the same period of
 qualifying service. These provisions are not concerned
 with whether the veteran has additional periods of qualify-
 ing service. Id. at 344.
      The legislative record shows the congressional intent
 to facilitate conversion of Montgomery benefits to Post-9/11
 benefits, as well as to authorize Post-9/11 re-enlisting vet-
 erans to obtain additional months of Post-9/11 benefits
 based on re-enlistment. There is no support for the court’s
 holding that veterans can qualify for Post-9/11 benefits for
 re-enlistment service only after they exhaust their Mont-
 gomery benefits.
                              D
     Sections 3322(e) and (g) do not provide that
     conversion to Post-9/11 benefits results in loss
     of access to additional months of Post-9/11
     benefits
     

(e) and § 3322(g) bar concurrent re-
 ceipt of benefits from different programs. Subsection (e)
 provides:
     38 U.SC. § 3322(e). Bar to concurrent receipt
     of transferred education benefits and Marine
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 10                                   RUDISILL   v. MCDONOUGH



      Gunnery Sergeant John David Fry Scholar-
      ship Assistance.—
      An individual entitled to educational assistance
      under both sections 3311(b)(9) and 3319 may not
      receive assistance under both provisions concur-
      rently, but shall elect (in such form and manner as
      the Secretary may prescribe) under which provi-
      sion to receive educational assistance.
 Subsection (g) is directed to transferred education benefits
 (such as to children), and also deals with concurrent receipt
 of benefits:
      § 3322(g). Bar to concurrent receipt of trans-
      ferred education benefits.—
      A spouse or child who is entitled to educational as-
      sistance under this chapter based on a transfer of
      entitlement from more than one individual un-
      der section 3319 may not receive assistance based
      on transfers from more than one such individual
      concurrently, but shall elect (in such form and
      manner as the Secretary may prescribe) under
      which source to utilize such assistance at any one
      time.
 These provisions are unrelated to whether an election to
 switch unused Montgomery benefits to Post-9/11 benefits
 bars access to additional months of Post-9/11 benefits for
 veterans with multiple entitlements. Such a substantial
 restriction cannot be inferred from statutory silence. The
 Veterans Court explained:
      Subsection (g) provides that individuals to whom it
      applies “shall elect (in such form and manner as the
      Secretary may prescribe) under which source to
      utilize such assistance at any one time.” 

(g) (emphasis added). Let’s assume that, be-
      cause subsection (a) doesn't include this language
      verbatim, it must mean something different than
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 RUDISILL   v. MCDONOUGH                                     11



     subsection (g). Consider how odd it would be if
     Congress intended to allow an entitled person who
     didn’t personally serve in the military to receive up
     to 48 months of transferred benefits under subsec-
     tion (g), mandating only that the person elect the
     source of the payments at any given time, but—
     through silence—also intended to prevent a ser-
     vicemember him- or herself from receiving extra
     benefits [i.e., 48 total months of benefits] based on
     multiple, separately qualifying periods of service
     on the condition of a similar election mechanism.
     This arguably absurd result should arouse suspi-
     cion that such a result is what Congress wanted to
     achieve.
 Vet. Ct. Op. at 336–37 (citing McNeill v. United States, 

 (2011) (adopting an interpretation that
 “avoids the absurd results that would follow” from an al-
 ternate interpretation); United States v. Wilson, 

 (1992); United States v. Turkette, 

 (1981) (“[A]bsurd results are to be avoided . . . .”)).
      The Veterans Court correctly rejected the theory now
 adopted by my colleagues and held that Mr. Rudisill is en-
 titled to switch the unused Montgomery benefits from his
 first period of service to Post-9/11 benefits, without losing
 access to the additional Post-9/11 benefits earned by his
 multiple enlistments—up to the 48-month cap.
                              E
      Section 3327 does not support the court’s
      holding
     

(d)(1) authorizes “making an election
 under subsection (a).” Section 3327(d)(2) does not provide
 that veterans who make this election, like Mr. Rudisill, lose
 their entitlement to the additional months of Post-9/11
 benefits earned by re-enlistment.
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 12                                    RUDISILL   v. MCDONOUGH



     My colleagues hold that § 3327 “unambiguously” pro-
 vides that a re-enlisting veteran with unused Montgomery
 benefits, such as Mr. Rudisill, must use those benefits un-
 der the Montgomery terms in order to be entitled to Post-
 9/11 benefits for re-enlistment. Thus the court holds that
 Mr. Rudisill is limited in total to the 36 months of benefits
 earned by his initial enlistment. My colleagues attribute
 this ruling to § 3327(d):
      

(d)(2).— In the case of an indi-
      vidual making an election under subsection (a) who
      is described by paragraph (1)(A) of that subsection,
      the number of months of entitlement of the individ-
      ual to educational assistance under this chapter
      shall be the number of months equal to . . . the
      number of months of unused entitlement of the in-
      dividual under [the Montgomery GI Bill].
 The referenced subsections provide:
      

 (a). Individuals eligible to
      elect participation in post-9/11 educational
      assistance.
      An individual may elect to receive educational as-
      sistance under [the Post-9/11 GI Bill] if such indi-
      vidual--
         (1) as of August 1, 2009--
            (A) is entitled to basic educational assis-
            tance under chapter 30 of this title [the
            Montgomery Bill] and has used, but retains
            unused, entitlement under that chapter;
 Section 3327 supports the converse of the court’s current
 interpretation, for this section authorizes election of Post-
 9/11 benefits to replace unused Montgomery benefits, with-
 out even remotely suggesting that such election will forfeit
 access to additional Post-9/11 benefits based on a separate
 period of military service.
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 RUDISILL   v. MCDONOUGH                                           13



      Other provisions of § 3327 further implement the ex-
 change of unused Montgomery benefits for Post-9/11 bene-
 fits. Section 3327 includes benefit-enhancing details such
 as termination of the monetary contributions that were re-
 quired by the Montgomery program, as well as ensuring
 that other incentives are preserved, such as benefits for
 family members. See 

(b) (ending “the ob-
 ligation of the individual to make contributions” required
 by the Montgomery GI Bill); § 3327(c)(3) (preserving enti-
 tlement “that is not revoked” for later use by dependents);
 § 3327(g) (preserving certain “increased educational assis-
 tance or supplemental educational assistance” after the
 election).
      It is inconceivable that Congress intended, through si-
 lence, to strip re-enlisting veterans of the education bene-
 fits provided for re-enlisting veterans if they convert their
 unused Montgomery benefits into Post-9/11 benefits. The
 court errs in holding that by switching his unused Mont-
 gomery benefits to Post-9/11 benefits, Mr. Rudisill is now
 limited to 36 months of total benefits. No statute, no legis-
 lative record, no public policy, suggests that a re-enlisting
 veteran loses access to the 48-month aggregate entitlement
 by switching benefit programs.
                                 F

     

(h)(1) was enacted to clarify
     the Post-9/11 Bill
     

(h) was enacted to address reports of
 uncertainties in the Post-9/11 GI Bill. See S. Rep. No. 111-
 346 (2010), reprinted at 2010 U.S.C.C.A.N. 1503. The pro-
 vision requires veterans with multiple entitlements to
 choose which benefit to apply. 

(h)(1).— An individual with qual-
     ifying service . . . that establishes eligibility . . . for
     educational assistance under this chapter . . . shall
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 14                                   RUDISILL   v. MCDONOUGH



      elect . . . under which authority such service is to
      be credited.
 Section 3322(h)(1) does not provide that veterans who
 switch from Montgomery to Post-9/11 benefits will lose
 their entitlement to re-enlistment benefits, as my col-
 leagues now hold.
     The Secretary’s M22-4 Manual, which provides in-
 structions to VA administrators, explains that veterans are
 allowed to “point a period of service to one benefit instead
 of another,” but not to receive multiple benefits for the
 same period of service. Manual at Pt.3, § 3.10, available at
 https://perma.cc/XUY8-JZSN?type=image; see also Pt.4,
 § 3.02(a), available at https://perma.cc/9DU8HXPE?-
 type=image.
     Section 3322(h)(1) comports with Mr. Rudisill’s election
 of Post-9/11 benefits for the unused Montgomery entitle-
 ment from his first period of service. His right to Post-9/11
 benefits for his subsequent qualifying service, subject to
 the aggregate cap of 48 months of benefits, is not affected
 by § 3322(h). Additional provisions include 

(a), which again refers to § 3695’s aggregate of 48
 months for veterans with more than one period of qualify-
 ing service. The alternative or consecutive use of benefits
 earned under different programs is recited in 

(a).
     “The words of a statute must be read in their context
 and with a view to their place in the overall statutory
 scheme.” FDA v. Brown & Williamson Tobacco Corp., 

 (2000) (quoting Davis v. Mich. Dep’t of Treas-
 ury, 

 (1989)). This statutory context in-
 cludes “the purpose of the text” of the statute. Antonin
 Scalia & Bryan Garner, Reading Law: The Interpretation
 of Legal Texts 56 (2012). The majority today fails to take
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 RUDISILL   v. MCDONOUGH                                     15



 into account the purpose of § 3322(h)(1), which is to clarify
 entitlements arising from a single period of service.

                               G
     The regulations for these education benefits
     make no mention of any forfeiture by re-enlist-
     ing veterans of their additional Post-9/11 ben-
     efits, as the court now holds
     The regulations are directed primarily to details of the
 benefit-exchange election that §§ 3322(d) and 3327 make
 available to all veterans serving after September 11, 2001,
 with further details in the Secretary’s Manual.
      For example, 

(d)(4) states that ben-
 efits under the Montgomery GI Bill and the Selective Re-
 serve Montgomery GI Bill may be used “alternatively or
 consecutively . . . to the extent that the [entitlement to] ed-
 ucational assistance is based on service not irrevocably
 credited to” another program.            See also 

(c).
      

(w) authorizes veterans “in receipt
 of educational assistance” under the Post-9/11 program
 and who are “eligible for benefits under another program,”
 to “choose to” alternate back to receiving benefits under the
 other program at certain intervals, “effective the first day
 of the enrollment period during which” such choice is made.
      

 and § 21.9690(a) require the vet-
 eran to choose which benefit to apply. Section 21.4022
 states that a veteran with multiple entitlements may
 choose to apply Post-9/11 benefits multiple times, with the
 restriction that an “individual may choose to receive bene-
 fits under 38 U.S.C. chapter 33 at any time, but not more
 than once during a certified term, quarter, or semester.”
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 16                                     RUDISILL   v. MCDONOUGH



     

 further envisions application of
 Post-9/11 benefits based on a period of service not yet used
 for educational benefits, as outlined in parts (a)–(b), or
 based on a conversion of the remaining benefits from one
 period of service, as provided in part (c).
     As the Veterans Court stated, the position taken by the
 VA, and now by my colleagues, “would render [the Secre-
 tary’s] own regulations inoperable surplusage, something
 we can’t condone.” Vet. Ct. Op. at 342. My colleagues’ the-
 ory that Mr. Rudisill, by making the choice to use Post-9/11
 benefits in place of his unused Montgomery benefits, lost
 his entitlement to the additional Post-9/11 benefits earned
 by re-enlistment service, cannot be founded on statutory
 and regulatory silence. See Finley v. United States, 

 (1989) (“It will not be inferred that Congress,
 in revising and consolidating the laws, intended to change
 their effect unless such intention is clearly expressed.”)
 (quoting Anderson v. Pac. Coast S.S., 

 (1912)).
                          CONCLUSION
      There is no foundation for this court’s holding that
 when Mr. Rudisill switched benefit programs, as the stat-
 ute authorizes, he “limit[ed] his Post-9/11 benefits to 10
 months and 16 days, the amount of his unused Montgom-
 ery entitlement.” Maj. Op. at 15. He did not forfeit his en-
 titlement to the additional months of Post-9/11 benefits
 earned by re-enlistment, up to the 48-month cap. The court
 errs in holding that his total benefit is limited to the initial
 term of 36 months.
      I respectfully dissent.
Case: 20-1637   Document: 96     Page: 33   Filed: 12/15/2022




    United States Court of Appeals
        for the Federal Circuit
                 ______________________

                 JAMES R. RUDISILL,
                   Claimant-Appellee

                            v.

        DENIS MCDONOUGH, SECRETARY OF
               VETERANS AFFAIRS,
                Respondent-Appellant
               ______________________

                       2020-1637
                 ______________________

     Appeal from the United States Court of Appeals for
 Veterans Claims in No. 16-4134, Chief Judge Margaret C.
 Bartley, Senior Judge Mary J. Schoelen, Judge Michael P.
 Allen.
                  ______________________

 REYNA, Circuit Judge, with whom NEWMAN, Circuit Judge,
 joins, dissenting.
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 2                                    RUDISILL   v. MCDONOUGH



     Etched in stone at the headquarters of the U.S. Depart-
 ment of Veterans Affairs, a mere stone’s throw from the
 steps of this court, are President Abraham Lincoln’s words:
     To care for him who shall have borne the battle and
     for his widow, and his orphan.1
 These words are more than a mere recitation of the mission
 statement of the Department of Veterans Affairs. They are
 a promise manifested in veterans’ benefits laws passed by
 Congress since the founding of this nation. Nothing re-
 flects the benevolence, sincerity, and security of that prom-
 ise more than the pro-veteran canon of statutory
 construction.
      I dissent for two reasons. First, I disagree with the ma-
 jority’s cursory, legally unsupported conclusion that the
 pro-veteran canon “plays no role” when there is no ambigu-
 ity. Maj. Op. 15. Second, I disagree with the majority’s
 interpretation that 

 limits Mr. Rudisill’s
 Post-9/11 benefits to 10 months and 16 days, the amount of
 his unused Montgomery entitlement. I would affirm the
 judgment of the U.S. Court of Appeals for Veteran’s Claims
 on this point.
     The pro-veteran canon of statutory interpretation
 (“Veteran’s Canon” or “canon”) is a traditional tool of stat-
 utory construction that assists courts in interpreting stat-
 utes and reaching the “best and fairest reading of the law.” 2
 The canon is simply what its name implies: it is a tool used
 in the interpretation of veterans’ benefits law that man-
 dates favoring the interests of the veteran. The canon is
 the lockbox that holds the promise expressed in Abraham


     1   U.S. Dep’t of Veterans Affairs, About VA: Mission
 Statement, https://www.va.gov/ABOUT_VA/index.asp (last
 updated Sept. 15, 2022).
     2   Kisor v. Wilkie, 

 (2019) (Gor-
 such, J., concurring).
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 RUDISILL   v. MCDONOUGH                                     3



 Lincoln’s words, the roots of which feature prominently in
 America’s history.
     In 1776, the Continental Congress created a pension
 for disabled veterans. This was in response to the states’
 failure to pay soldiers fighting the Revolutionary War and
 the resulting mutinies, protests, and rebellions. George
 Washington wrote to Alexander Hamilton, explaining that
 the states could not be “so devoid of common sense, com-
 mon honesty, & common policy” as to refuse aid after con-
 sidering the “full, clear, & candid representation of [the]
 facts from Congress,” particularly if they learned about
 “the inevitable consequences” of failing to support the sol-
 diers. George Washington, The Papers of Alexander Ham-
 ilton, vol. 3, 1782–1786 (Mar. 4, 1783).
      In 1862, the U.S. government established a system for
 settling veterans’ claims for benefits arising from military
 service. In 1917, Congress created programs for veterans’
 benefits like compensation, insurance, and rehabilitation.
 With the goal of improving administration of these bene-
 fits, Congress established the Veterans Administration in
 1930. In 1944, President Roosevelt signed into law the Ser-
 vicemen’s Readjustment Act of 1944, a “GI Bill of Rights”
 that was the first iteration of the current VA benefit sys-
 tem. 

 Stat. 284. This GI Bill unani-
 mously passed in both chambers of Congress and served to
 provide funds to World War II veterans for education, un-
 employment insurance, and housing. While this GI bill ex-
 pired in 1956, it was extended as the Montgomery GI bill,
 then the Post-9/11 Bill, and, most recently, the Forever GI
 Bill.
     The Supreme Court, too, has long recognized the Vet-
 eran’s Canon as a legal doctrine that upholds congressional
 purpose in veterans’ benefits law. In 1943, the Supreme
 Court explained that veterans’ benefits laws statutes, like
 the Soldiers’ and Sailors’ Civil Relief Act, should “be liber-
 ally construed to protect those who have been obliged to
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 4                                    RUDISILL   v. MCDONOUGH



 drop their own affairs to take up the burden of the nation.”
 Boone v. Lightner, 

 (1943). Justice Doug-
 las wrote that courts should construe separate provisions
 of an act benefiting veterans as parts of an “organic whole”
 and give each “as liberal a construction for the benefit of
 the veteran.” Fishgold v. Sullivan Drydock & Repair Corp.,
 

 (1946); see also Coffy v. Republic Steel
 Corp., 

 (1980) (Marshall, J.) (“The statute
 is to be liberally construed for the benefit of the returning
 veteran.”). Similarly, Justice Souter wrote that “we would
 ultimately read the provision in [the veteran’s] favor under
 the canon that provisions for benefits to members of the
 Armed Services are to be construed in the beneficiaries’ fa-
 vor.” King v. St. Vincent’s Hosp., 

, 220–221 n.
 9 (1991).
      The foregoing illustrates a corollary of the Veteran’s
 Canon: veterans’ benefits law should not just be liberally
 construed in favor of the veteran but also must not be con-
 strued in a manner that negates or frustrates the congres-
 sional purpose because the veterans’ benefits law is
 remedial by design. Kisor v. McDonough, 

,
 1336 (Fed. Cir. 2021) (Reyna, J., dissenting) (citing Boone,
 

); see also Corning Glass Works v. Brennan,
 

 (1974) (finding the Equal Pay Act to be
 “broadly remedial and it should be construed and applied
 so as to fulfill the underlying purposes which Congress
 sought to achieve”); James-Cornelius v. Sec’y of Health and
 Human Servs., 

, 1381 (Fed. Cir. 2021) (in-
 structing the court to keep in mind the “remedial objective”
 of the Vaccine Act); PS Chez Sidney, LLC v. U.S. Int’l Trade
 Comm’n, 

, 1380–81 (Fed. Cir. 2012) (noting
 that the Byrd Amendment “had the additional benefit of
 furthering the statute’s stated goals of strengthening the
 remedial purpose of the law.”). Accordingly, the Veteran’s
 Canon should have an undiluted application that effectu-
 ates the broader purpose of GI Bills that are specifically
 designed to provide benefits to veterans like Mr. Rudisill.
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 RUDISILL   v. MCDONOUGH                                    5



     Despite its clear provenance in U.S. veterans’ benefits
 law, there exists a misunderstanding as to how—and
 when—the canon applies. For example, in this appeal, the
 majority resolves the merits of the statutory interpretation
 question and only then decides in a single sentence that the
 Veteran’s Canon has no application in the case because the
 statute is unambiguous. This declaration of no ambiguity
 is belied by a number of factors. First, the near entirety of
 the majority opinion is devoted to classic statutory inter-
 pretation. Second, the question before the court has a rich
 history of litigation. Third, the case has garnered the at-
 tention of numerous amici. Fourth, the majority overturns
 the judgment of the Court of Appeals for Veterans Claims.
 And fifth, the majority expresses no principled reason why
 the canon does not apply to the ambiguity question or in its
 statutory interpretation analysis.
      Indeed, it seems to me that an element of Chevron def-
 erence creeps into some decisions concerning whether to
 apply the Veteran’s Canon. Step one, determine if there
 exists an ambiguity without resort to the canon. If the
 court finds no ambiguity, then the canon does not apply at
 all. This is wrong. To exclude the canon from the initial—
 and significantly important—question on whether ambigu-
 ity exists in the law effectively bends the law to the favor
 of, and to the deference of, the agency. I agree with Justice
 Gorsuch who recently highlighted that, “[t]raditionally,
 too, our courts have long and often understood that, ‘as be-
 tween the government and the individual[,] the benefit of
 the doubt’ about the meaning of an ambiguous law must be
 ‘given to the individual, not to authority; for the state
 makes the laws.’” Buffington v. McDonough, 

, at *10 (U.S. Nov. 7, 2022) (Gorsuch, J., dissent-
 ing) (citing Lane v. State, 

 (1930); Caldwell
 v. State, 

, 460–461 (1926)). To exclude the
 canon at the outset of a statutory interpretation analysis
 hobbles the veteran and favors the agency.
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 6                                     RUDISILL   v. MCDONOUGH



      In veterans’ benefits cases, the agency is not an adver-
 sary. It is important to note that the Department of Veter-
 ans Affairs “differs from virtually every other agency in
 being itself obliged to help the claimant develop his claim.”
 Shinseki v. Sanders, 

, 415–16 (2009) (Souter,
 J., dissenting). Department of Veterans Affairs proceed-
 ings are informal and non-adversarial and, when evaluat-
 ing claims, the agency itself must give veterans “the benefit
 of the doubt.” Henderson ex rel. Henderson v. Shinseki, 

 (2011); 

 (“Congress’ longstand-
 ing solicitude for veterans is plainly reflected in the [act]
 and in subsequent laws that place a thumb on the scale in
 the veteran’s favor in the course of administrative and ju-
 dicial review of VA decisions.” (cleaned up)).
      The majority, in this case, places its thumb on the side
 of the scale that favors the agency. In so doing, the court
 ignores the Supreme Court’s recent instruction that courts
 should exhaust all the traditional tools of construction be-
 fore concluding that a rule is ambiguous. Kisor, 

. This means that courts should fully employ the
 pro-veteran canon along with other canons and tiebreaking
 rules in the “traditional interpretive toolkit” to reach the
 “best and fairest reading of the law.” 

 (Gorsuch,
 J., concurring in judgment). Where there is confusion and
 ambiguity in the statutory scheme, Justice Sotomayor has
 explained that one should apply the canon. George v.
 McDonough, 

 (2022) (Sotomayor, J.,
 dissenting). Thus, it is neither fair nor just for the court to
 say to the veteran that the pro-veteran canon has no role
 in the pursuit of her claim because the court finds no am-
 biguity in the statute. Rather, the canon should apply at
 the outset of this court’s interpretation of veteran’s benefits
 law. Courts should ab initio be wary not to defer to a VA
 interpretation that restricts or limits veteran benefits that
 Congress has expressly sought to bestow on the veteran.
    For example, in this case, Congress clearly sought to
 expand and enhance education benefits that were already
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 RUDISILL   v. MCDONOUGH                                     7



 in place through the enactment of the Post-9/11 GI bill, Ti-
 tle 38, Veterans’ Benefits. Congress explained:
     The United States has a proud history of offering
     educational assistance to millions of veterans, as
     demonstrated by the many ‘G.I. Bills’ enacted since
     World War II. Educational assistance for veterans
     helps reduce the costs of war, assist veterans in re-
     adjusting to civilian life after wartime service, and
     boost States economy, and has a positive effect on
     recruitment for the Armed Forces.
     The current educational assistance program for
     veterans [MGIB] is outmoded and designed for
     peacetime service in the Armed Forces.
     The people of the United States greatly value mili-
     tary service and recognize the difficult challenges
     involved in readjusting to civilian life after war-
     time service in the Armed Forces.
     It is in the national interest for the United States
     to provide veterans who serve on active duty in the
     Armed Forces after September 11, 2001, with en-
     hanced educational assistance benefits that are
     worthy of such service and are commensurate with
     the educational assistance benefits provided by a
     grateful Nation to veterans of World War II.
 

, 

 (2008).
      The veteran-friendly nature of this scheme and its re-
 medial nature is arguably the “very raison d’être for pas-
 sage” of the bill. Roby v. McDonough, No. 20-1088, 

, at *5 (Fed. Cir. Aug. 4, 2021). Senator Jim
 Webb introduced the Post-9/11 bill, explaining that it was
 designed to “expand the educational benefits that our Na-
 tion offers to the brave men and women who have served
 us so honorably.” Hearing on Pending Benefits Legisla-
 tion, 110 Cong. 118 (2007) (Statement of Jim Webb); see,
 e.g., Brief for NVLS as Amicus Curiae Supporting Appellee
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 8                                    RUDISILL   v. MCDONOUGH



 at 9. Congress wanted to “reemphasize that the purpose of
 providing for transferability of benefits to dependents is to
 promote recruitment and retention in the uniformed ser-
 vices.” S. Rep. No. 111-346, at 17 (2010) (emphasis added);
 Brief for Affected Veterans as Amicus Curiae Supporting
 Appellee at 16. Indeed, this is consistent with the legisla-
 tive history of GI Bills dating back to the Servicemen’s Re-
 adjustment Act of 1944. 

 Stat. 284;
 Brief for NVLS as Amicus Curiae Supporting Appellee at
 3.
     The foregoing shows that Congress understood, at the
 time it passed the Post-9/11 Bill, that many veterans were
 already enrolled and earning benefits under the existing
 Montgomery GI Bill. Congress then acted to enhance and
 expand those educational benefits with the Post-9/11 Bill,
 thereby keeping true to the promise made to this nation’s
 servicewomen and servicemen. When viewed in favor of
 the veteran, the statutory framework makes clear that Mr.
 Rudisill is entitled to the full benefits subject only to the
 “cap” of 

. The Veterans Court permissibly
 and correctly interpreted the provision at issue in favor of
 Mr. Rudisill.
     In conclusion, it bears noting that Mr. Rudisill has al-
 ready earned his educational benefits through his signifi-
 cant service as a three-time Army veteran and Captain
 who was awarded the Bronze Star, Combat Action Badge,
 Air Assault Badge, Afghanistan and Iraq Campaign Med-
 als, and Kosovo Campaign Medal. For having borne the
 burden of the battle, this court is charged to interpret vet-
 eran benefits laws in his favor. Because the majority fails
 in that commitment, I dissent.