Wood v. Peake

*1346Opinion for tthe court filed by Chief Judge MICHEL. Circuit Judge DYK dissents.

Deloris G. Wood appeals from the final decision of the Court of Appeals for Veterans Claims (“Veterans Court”) sustaining the Department of Veterans Affairs (“VA”) denial of her claim for dependency and indemnity compensation (“DIC”). See Wood v. Nicholson, No. 05-2164, 21 Vet.App. 418, 2006 WL 3007770 (Vet.App. Oct. 4, 2006) (“Wood II”). Because the Veterans Court committed legal error by failing to apply 38 U.S.C. § 5103A(a) in reviewing the VA’s denial of her request for assistance, and we cannot decide whether the error was harmless without exceeding our jurisdiction, we vacate and remand.

I. BACKGROUND

Mrs. Wood’s husband, Thomas W. Wood, served in the U.S. Army during World War II, leaving the service in March 1946. Shortly before his discharge, Mr. Wood slipped in the shower and incurred a severe head injury on December 11, 1945. He was treated at a base hospital, which kept him on bed rest before returning him to duty. Private and VA medical records, Mrs. Wood’s testimony, their son’s testimony, and his own personal documents indicate that Mr. Wood suffered from chronic severe headaches from shortly after his in-service head injury throughout his life. As a result, Mr. Wood took large quantities of numerous medications to deal with the headaches. The medical records provide evidence that doctors, including a VA physician, believed his headaches were the result of his original in-service head injury.

Mr. Wood also suffered from numerous other health problems, some related to his headaches and some unrelated. His headache medications, for example, caused gastrointestinal bleeding from ulcers on 'multiple occasions. In 1985, Mr. Wood developed hydrocephalus (water on the brain), which required the insertion of a ventriculo-peritoneal shunt to relieve pressure on his brain. This shunt had to be replaced multiple times due to infection and other reasons, and it remained in place for the rest of his life. He also developed hypertension. In June 1991, Mr. Wood sustained a second head injury, again falling in the shower; the injury caused a grand mal seizure, and he also experienced a serious brain hemorrhage (a subdural hematoma). He fell again in 1992, again suffering a serious brain hemorrhage (a basal brain bleed). Mr. Wood was also diagnosed with lung cancer in 1980 and had surgery as a result. The cancer resurfaced in 1997 and was treated with radiation therapy.

Mr. Wood died on November 2, 1998. The primary cause of death according to the autopsy report was heart disease (myocardial ischemia). The detailed autopsy report of the examining physician, Dr. James W. Spindler, M.D., also listed eighteen “contributing factors,” including “history of a remote history of fall with subsequent severe headaches, 1946.” Appellant’s App’x at 1235-36. The death certificate by the coroner,1 however, only list*1347ed his cancer, feeding tube, and ventriculo-peritoneal shunt as “[o]ther significant conditions contributing to death but not resulting in [the primary cause of death]” in the limited space provided on the one-page form. Id. at 1233.

Mrs. Wood filed for DIC benefits in February 1999. Her claim was ultimately denied by the VA regional office (“RO”) in February 2005. She appealed to the Board and requested that the VA assist her by obtaining a medical opinion to assess whether her husband’s headaches and related conditions were material contributory causes of his death. The Board denied her request for assistance and held that the RO correctly determined that Mr. Wood’s headaches were not a contributory cause of death within the meaning of 38 C.F.R. § 3.312(a), thus sustaining the RO’s denial of benefits. In large part, the Board’s decision was based on the fact that although the autopsy report listed Mr. Wood’s history of headaches as a contributing factor of his death, the death certificate omitted that factor from its listing of just three contributory factors.

Mrs. Wood next appealed to the Veterans Court, which affirmed the Board’s decision in a brief one-judge non-precedential opinion. The Veterans Court held that the Board had not erred by denying Mrs. Wood’s request for assistance because she had not met all of the prerequisites under 38 U.S.C. § 5103A(d)(2) to require the VA to obtain a medical opinion. Additionally, the Veterans Court held that the Board was not clearly erroneous in finding that Mr. Wood’s head conditions did not contribute “substantially and materially to his death” as required by 38 C.F.R. § 3.312(a). Wood II, at *2. Specifically, the Veterans Court held that, despite the autopsy report’s listing of Mr. Wood’s head injury and subsequent headaches as a contributing factor of his death, the Board correctly relied instead on the death certificate that omitted it. Id.

II. DISCUSSION

A.

The key threshold issue in this case is whether Mrs. Wood was entitled to assistance from the VA in obtaining a medical opinion to review and reconcile conflicting medical evidence in the record under the Veterans Claims Assistance Act (“VCAA”). The Veterans Court held that she was not so entitled because she did not meet all of the required elements of 38 U.S.C. § 5103A(d)(2), which sets forth conditions on the VA’s duty to obtain medical opinions under § 5103A(d)(l). The government concedes, however, that § 5103A(d)(l) does not apply to DIC claims and that the Veterans Court thus erred as a matter of law by reviewing the Board’s denial of her request for assistance solely under that provision of the VCAA. Rather, the Veterans Court should have applied the general duty to assist provision of 38 U.S.C. § 5103A(a), which provides in relevant part:

(a) Duty To Assist.

(1) The Secretary shall make reasonable efforts to assist a claimant in obtaining evidence necessary to substantiate the claimant’s claim for a benefit under a law administered by the Secretary.

(2) The Secretary is not required to provide assistance to a claimant under this section if no reasonable possibility exists that such assistance would aid in substantiating the claim.

Since DIC benefits are a “benefit under a law administered by the Secretary,” this provision clearly applies to Mrs. Wood’s request for assistance here.

We have recently held that § 5103A(a) “does not always require the Secretary to *1348assist the claimant in obtaining a medical opinion or examination.” DeLaRosa v. Peake, 515 F.3d 1319, 1322 (Fed.Cir.2008). But § 5103A(a) does require the VA to assist a claimant in obtaining a medical opinion or examination whenever such an opinion is “necessary to substantiate the claimant’s claim.” 38 U.S.C. § 5103A(a)(l); DeLaRosa, 515 F.3d at 1322. In fact, the statute only excuses the VA from making reasonable efforts to provide such assistance, if requested, when “no reasonable possibility exists that such assistance would aid in substantiating the claim.” 38 U.S.C. § 5103A(a)(2). Thus, the Veterans Court erred by not assessing whether the free medical opinion requested by Mrs. Wood was “necessary to substantiate [her] claim,” or whether “no reasonable possibility exists” that the medical opinion requested by Mrs. Wood “would aid in substantiating [her] claim,” under § 5103A(a).

B.

Though under DeLaRosa, and as is conceded, the Veterans Court committed legal error, it is still necessary to examine whether its decision can be affirmed nonetheless on the ground that the error was harmless. As we noted in Szemraj v. Prindpi, however, the limited scope of our review of Veterans Court decisions also limits our application of the harmless error principle. 357 F.3d 1370, 1374 (Fed.Cir.2004). Generally, under 28 U.S.C. § 2111, we must disregard “errors or defects which do not affect the substantial rights of the parties.” However, under 38 U.S.C. § 7292(a), we may only review “the validity of a decision of the [Veterans Court] on a rule of law or of any statute or regulation ... or any interpretation thereof (other than a determination as to a factual matter) that was relied on by the [Veterans Court] in making the decision.” Congress then went even further, providing that, absent a constitutional question, this court may not review “(A) a challenge to a factual determination, or (B) a challenge to a law or regulation as applied to the facts of a particular case.” 38 U.S.C. § 7292(d)(2); see also Maggitt v. West, 202 F.3d 1370, 1374 (Fed.Cir.2000).

In D’Amico v. West, we held that the Veterans Court had erred by failing to apply a statute, 38 U.S.C. § 5108, in its review of a Board decision. 209 F.3d 1322, 1327 (Fed.Cir.2000). The government argued in that ease that the Veterans Court decision should nonetheless be affirmed because the Board, unlike the Veterans Court, had applied the statute in its decision and concluded that the claimant had not met its requirements. Id. We declined to affirm on the basis of harmless error because we lacked jurisdiction to review the Board’s factual findings, and so we remanded to the Veterans Court. Id. at 1327-28. In other words, we lacked jurisdiction to determine whether in fact the error was harmless because doing so in that case required fact-finding and/or application of law to fact. Since the Veterans Court had erred as a matter of law, and we could not affirm on the basis of harmless error, we had no choice but to remand, which we did.

However, four years later in Szemraj, we held that the jurisdictional limitations of 38 U.S.C. § 7292 do not bar this court from affirming a Veterans Court decision on the basis of harmless error when application of the correct legal standard to undisputed facts establishes that the judgment of the Veterans Court was correct, despite the legal error(s) in its reasoning. 357 F.3d at 1375-76. We based our holding in large part on our decision in Bailey v. Principi, where we reviewed a Veterans Court decision rejecting equitable tolling but relying on a legal standard from a case later reversed by this court en banc. See 351 F.3d 1381, 1383-84 (Fed.Cir.2003). *1349We vacated the Veterans Court decision and set forth the correct legal standard, but we then proceeded to apply the standard to the facts to hold that the claimant should have been afforded equitable tolling. We explained that although we cannot review applications of law to fact, “when the material facts are not in dispute and the adoption of a particular legal standard would dictate the outcome of the equitable tolling claim, this court has treated the question of the availability of equitable tolling as a matter of law that we are authorized by statute to address.” Id. at 1384 (citing Jaguay v. Principi, 304 F.3d 1276, 1289 (Fed.Cir.2002) (en banc); Santana-Venegas v. Principi, 314 F.3d 1293, 1298 (Fed.Cir.2002)) (emphasis added).

In DeLaRosa, we implicitly followed the Szemraj rule in a case with facts similar, though not identical, to those of the present case. There, too, the Veterans Court erred by analyzing a DIC claimant’s request for a medical opinion under § 5103A(d) instead of § 5103A(a). DeLaRosa, 515 F.3d at 1321-22. We held, however, that the error was harmless because, as the Board noted, the record contained no competent evidence whatsoever of the post-traumatic stress disorder (“PTSD”) that the veteran’s spouse alleged was service connected. Id. at 1322. The only medical evidence of PTSD in the record was one doctor’s speculative opinion, which the Board excluded from its consideration.2 Indisputably, the record lacked any other medical evidence of PTSD. We then conducted a harmless error analysis based on that indisputable lack of competent evidence, consistent with Szemraj, and held that the error was harmless in that case, affirming the Veterans Court on that ground.

C.

The dissent implies that DeLaRosa holds that, when the (inapplicable) requirements of subsection (d) are not met, misapplying § 5103A(d) rather than applying § 5103A(a) is per se harmless error because subsection (d) is more “favorable” to claimants as a matter of law. See Dissent at 1352-53. We disagree and do not read DeLaRosa as making such an over-broad holding.

First, subsections (d) and (a) have dramatically different scope, as we recognized in DeLaRosa, 515 F.3d at 1321-22. While § 5103A(a) applies to any “benefit under a law administered by the Secretary” and thus encompasses DIC claims, § 5103A(d) only applies to “claim[s] for disability compensation,” 3 which does not include DIC claims. Id.; see also 38 U.S.C. § 5103A(a), (d).

Second, the two provisions apply wholly different and unrelated requirements. As already discussed, subsection (a) requires the VA to provide a claimant with a free medical opinion whenever such an opinion *1350is (1) “necessary to substantiate [the] claim,” unless (2) “no reasonable possibility exists that such assistance would aid in substantiating [the] claim.” 38 U.S.C. § 5103A(a). By contrast, under subsection (d), the claimant must demonstrate that the record evidence (1) “contains competent evidence that the claimant has a current disability, or persistent or recurrent symptoms of disability;” (2) “indicates that the disability or symptoms may be associated with the claimant’s active military, naval, or air service;” and (3) “does not contain sufficient medical evidence for the Secretary to make a decision on the claim.” Id. § 5103A(d)(2). The brief and unexplained statement in DeLaRosa that § 5103A(d) is “even more restrictive” than § 5103A(a) cannot reasonably be read as a broad holding that failing to meet all of the requirements of subsection (d) automatically means the very different requirements of subsection (a) are not met, regardless of the facts. Rather, our opinion in DeLaRosa carefully and expressly tied its holding to the uncontroverted facts of that case. See DeLaRosa, 515 F.3d at 1322 (“[T]he Board determined that there was no medical evidence of PTSD during the veteran’s lifetime.”). And as explained earlier, under our binding precedents in D’Amico and Szemraj, we could only affirm on the basis of harmless error in DeLaRosa because the relevant facts were uncontroverted. Thus, we now turn to the' question of whether we must follow D’Am-ico in this case, or whether it falls within the exception to D’Amico outlined in Szemraj and applied in DeLaRosa.4

D.

We conclude that we cannot affirm the Veterans Court here on the basis of harmless error, thus following D’Amico. Although DeLaRosa has some facts similar to those of the present case, a key difference here precludes us on jurisdictional grounds from determining that the Veterans Court’s error was harmless.

As noted earlier, our DeLaRosa decision was predicated on the indisputable lack of any competent evidence indicating PTSD. Here, however, the evidence is split and thus the medical facts are genuinely disputed. The crux of both the Board and Veterans Court decisions was the weighing of conflicting pieces of competent medical evidence, principally the autopsy report and the death certificate. As the Veterans Court explained:

Although the Board acknowledged that the autopsy report listed the veteran’s remote history of a fall in service and associated headaches as one of 18 contributing factors to his death ... the death certificate ... did not list the veteran’s in-service head injury as a significant condition contributing to death.

As noted by the Board, the record in the instant case contained medical evidence of the cause of death and remote evidence of a history of head laceration in service with a history of associated headaches, but no medical evidence suggesting that the veteran’s headaches or head laceration materially contributed to cause his death.

Wood II, at *2 (emphasis in original). The Veterans Court thus clearly recognized that the autopsy report was competent medical evidence of a possible link between Mr. Wood’s in-service head injury and his death. However, the Veterans *1351Court accepted the Board’s finding that the probative weight of the death certifí-cate overpowered that of the autopsy report, holding that, as a result, neither the autopsy report nor any other medical evidence in the record was sufficient to prove material contribution, the standard required by the applicable VA regulation governing contributory causes of death. 38 C.F.R. § 3.312. The Board’s reasoning was similar:

The record does show that the veteran injured his head in service, and the autopsy report does list a remote history of a fall in 1946, with subsequent severe headaches, as a contributing factor [of his death].... Yet the Certificate of Death does not list the veteran’s in-service head injury as a significant condition contributing to death. There is no medical evidence indicating that the veteran’s head injury in service, or his headaches after service, contributed substantially and materially to his death.

In re Wood, No. 00-09674A, slip op. at Kill (Bd.Vet.App. Feb. 28, 2005) (emphasis added). Thus, far from an indisputable lack of any competent evidence as was the case in DeLaRosa, the record evidence here was itself conflicted.

Because the evidence here is split, we cannot, conduct a harmless error analysis without exceeding the bounds of our jurisdiction, which precludes fact review. As we explained in Szemraj, this court can examine the harmless error question only where the relevant facts are undisputed because applying a dispositive legal standard to undisputed facts is essentially a matter of law, not fact. Szemraj, 357 F.3d at 1375-76 (citing Bailey, 351 F.3d at 1383-84). When the facts are undisputed, we are merely accepting the facts as found and as conceded to be correct by all parties. But when, as here, the facts are genuinely in dispute, assessing whether the evidence would support the Veterans Court’s judgment even under the correct legal standard would require factual analy-ses that are expressly beyond this court’s jurisdiction.

More specifically, we cannot decide whether the record here would support the denial of the requested medical review even under § 5103A(a) without, for example, weighing the relative probative values of the autopsy report and the death certificate. In order to determine if Mrs. Wood’s substantive rights were prejudiced by the Veterans Court’s failure to apply the § 5103A(a) standard, we would have to determine whether the requested medical opinion was “necessary to substantiate” her claim and whether there was “no reasonable possibility that [the medical opinion] would aid in substantiating the claim.” See 38 U.S.C. § 5103A(a). Thus, we would be required to determine whether the examining pathologist’s detailed report of his autopsy findings — which stated that Mr. Wood’s severe headaches contributed to his death — held sufficient probative value such that the requested medical review and opinion would be “necessary to substantiate” Mrs. Wood’s claim despite the coroner’s omission of headaches from the one-page death certificate form. Indeed, the record is rife with evidence that appears to add to the factual disputes in the case. ' For example, a report of a VA medical examination conducted in 1998, not long before Mr. Wood’s death, also described his chronic severe headaches as well as the gastrointestinal bleeding, excessive amounts of necessary medications, and general degradation in health associated with them. Appellant’s App’x at 1097. The report further indicated that Mr. Wood’s headaches are “likely to be post-traumatic secondary to the [in-service] injury in 1945.” Id. at 1098. This and other record evidence must all be assessed to determine whether the requested medical opinion is “necessary” to resolve the apparent factual disputes and whether “no *1352reasonable possibility exists” that such an opinion would aid in substantiating Mrs. Wood’s claim. Such assessments are precisely the types of factual inquiries that are beyond this court’s jurisdiction under 38 U.S.C. § 7292. Thus we must remand to the Veterans Court to conduct those assessments but under the correct legal standard.

CONCLUSION

We hold that the Veterans Court erred as a matter of law by failing to apply -38 U.S.C. § 5103A(a), instead wrongly applying § 5103A(d), in reviewing the Board’s denial of Mrs. Wood’s request for a medical review. We further hold that we cannot affirm the Veterans Court’s judgment on the basis of harmless error because doing so would require resolution of genuine factual disputes, which is beyond this court’s jurisdiction. Therefore, we vacate the Veterans Court’s decision and remand for the court to determine whether Mrs. Wood’s request for a medical opinion was wrongly denied under § 5103A(a).

VACATED and REMANDED