Cody v. Cox

Opinion for the Court filed by Circuit Judge BROWN.

Concurring opinion filed by Chief Judge GINSBURG.

Plaintiffs are elderly veterans who seek to force the Armed Forces Retirement Home to provide “high quality” health care, as required by 24 U.S.C. § 413(b). The district court dismissed their case as moot, relying on new amendments to section 413. We reverse and hold the case is not moot and subsection 413(b) is not committed to agency discretion by law.

I

The Armed Forces Retirement Home-Washington D.C. (“Home”), provides full-time housing and medical care for approximately 1,000 elderly veterans. In 2003, the Chief Operating Officer of the Home (“COO”) introduced a series of cost-saving measures that plaintiffs, a group of full-time residents at the Home, claim led to a *608severe decrease in the quality of medical care. The alleged deficiencies include unavailability of physicians and dentists, neglect of patients, and delays in obtaining prescription drugs.

In 2005, plaintiffs sued the COO and the Secretary of Defense (“defendants”),' requesting an injunction to force defendants to provide “high quality” health care as required by 24 U.S.C. § 413(b). They asked the district court to mandate the Home to: maintain “a primary treatment room, staffed by an on-location physician, to provide primary health care to residents of the Home seven days a week, twenty-four hours a day”; maintain “the ability to provide promptly the medications required for the treatment of residents”; maintain “the ability to provide on-site x-ray services, electrocargiogram [sic] services, laboratory work, and such other services as are required to provide for the primary health care needs of the residents”; provide “annual examinations for each resident to assess their overall physical and mental condition”; and provide “adequate resources (such as transportation).” Their requested relief was not “limited to” these remedies and they also asked the court to “[a]ward such other and further relief, including costs and attorneys’ fees, as the Court may deem just and proper.”

In 2006, Congress amended section 413, mandating specific measures regarding physicians, dentists, and transportation, and requiring the COO to issue uniform standards to ensure access to care. The district court found that these amendments rendered plaintiffs’ claims moot and granted defendants’ motion to dismiss the case. See Cody v. Rumsfeld, 450 F.Supp.2d 5, 9-11 (D.D.C.2006). Plaintiffs now appeal.

II

The mootness doctrine ensures that federal courts only decide ongoing cases and controversies. Clarke v. United States, 915 F.2d 699, 700-01 (D.C.Cir.1990) (en banc). For a case to become moot, it must be “impossible for the court to grant ‘any effectual relief whatever.’ ” Church of Scientology of Cal. v. United States, 506 U.S. 9, 12, 113 S.Ct. 447, 121 L.Ed.2d 313 (1992) (quoting Mills v. Green, 159 U.S. 651, 653, 16 S.Ct. 132, 40 L.Ed. 293 (1895)).

When plaintiffs filed their complaint, subsection 413(a) provided that a resident at the Home “shall receive the services authorized by the Chief Operating Officer.” 24 U.S.C. § 413(a) (Supp. I 2001)). Subsection (b) was the only limitation on the COO’s discretion and mandated that the Home “shall provide for the overall health care needs of residents in a high quality and cost-effective manner, including on site primary care, medical care, and a continuum of long-term care services.” § 413(b) (emphasis added).

In January 2006, Congress amended section 413 by adding more specific requirements. See National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2006, Pub.L. No. 109-163, § 909(a), 119 Stat. 3136, 3404-05. While leaving subsection (b) substantially intact, the amendments inserted subsections (c) and (d) as additional limitations on the COO’s discretion under subsection (a). Under subsection (c), the Home must “have a physician and a dentist(A) available at the facility during the daily business hours of the facility; and (B) available on an on-call basis at other times,” and those professionals must “have the skills and experience suited to residents of the facility.” Under subsection (d), the Home must “provide daily scheduled transportation to nearby medical facilities used by residents of the facility,” and “may provide, based on a determination of medical need, unscheduled transportation for a resident of the facility *609to any medical facility located not more than 30 miles from the facility for the provision of necessary and urgent medical care for the resident.” Finally, under subsection (c)(3), “the Chief Operating Officer, in consultation with the Medical Director, shall establish uniform standards, appropriate to the medical needs of the residents, for access to health care services during and after the daily business hours of the facility.”

The district court held that the newly enacted subsections rendered plaintiffs’ complaint moot. In essence, the court concluded that by adding these new subsections, Congress made subsection (b)’s requirement that the Home provide “high quality and cost-effective” health care a mere redundancy.

Yet, “the normal assumption is that where Congress amends only one section of a law, leaving another untouched, the two were designed to function as parts of an integrated whole.” Markham v. Cabell, 326 U.S. 404, 411, 66 S.Ct. 193, 90 L.Ed. 165 (1945). Under the newly amended subsection (a), the COO’s discretion is limited by “subsections (b), (c), and (d).” This demonstrates subsection (b)’s “high quality” mandate has force beyond subsections (c) and (d). Accordingly, we hold section 413 functions as an “integrated whole,” with subsections (c) and (d) serving as a baseline that does not exhaust subsection (b)’s “high quality and cost-effective” health care mandate. The district court could have provided meaningful relief under subsection (b), notwithstanding the new subsections.1

Under the district court’s interpretation, the COO could decide to provide no physical examinations for residents simply because examinations are not specified in subsections (c) and (d). Similarly, on this reading, the COO could decide to hire just one physician for 1,000 elderly residents because subsection (c) only requires that “a physician” be “available.” Conversely, under our interpretation, the COO could provide no examinations and only one physician only if doing so would satisfy subsection (b)’s “high quality and cost-effective” health care mandate. While the requirements of subsections (c) and (d) inform this “high quality and cost-effective” inquiry, they do not completely exhaust its scope.

We conclude plaintiffs’ complaint is not moot, either for the subjects mentioned by subsections (c) and (d), like physicians and transportation, or for those not specifically addressed by those subsections, like physical examinations and medical supplies.2

*610III

Defendants claim subsection (b)’s “high quality and cost-effective” health care requirement is exempted from judicial review under the Administrative Procedure Act because the COO’s decision is “committed to agency discretion by law” under 5 U.S.C. § 701(a)(2).3 To prevail, defendants must rebut the presumption that agency action is judicially reviewable by showing “the relevant statute ‘is drawn so that a court would have no meaningful standard against which to judge the agency’s exercise of discretion.’ ” Lincoln v. Vigil, 508 U.S. 182, 191, 113 S.Ct. 2024, 124 L.Ed.2d 101 (1993) (quoting Heckler v. Chaney, 470 U.S. 821, 830, 105 S.Ct. 1649, 84 L.Ed.2d 714 (1985)). Defendants have failed to satisfy this burden.

First, section 413 does not fall into one of the narrow categories that usually satisfies the strictures of subsection 701(a)(2). See Lincoln, 508 U.S. at 191-92, 113 S.Ct. 2024. This case does not involve “second-guessing executive branch deeision[s] involving complicated foreign policy matters.” Legal Assistance for Vietnamese Asylum Seekers v. Dep’t of State, 104 F.3d 1349, 1353 (D.C.Cir.1997). Nor does it relate to an agency’s refusal to undertake an enforcement action, Heckler, 470 U.S. at 831, 105 S.Ct. 1649, or its determination about how to spend a lump-sum appropriation, Lincoln, 508 U.S. at 192, 113 S.Ct. 2024.

Second, while subsection 413(a) gives the COO broad discretion in administering care, it qualifies that discretion with the phrase: “[ejxeept as provided in subsection (b), (c), and (d).” Plainly, Congress intended subsection (b)’s “high quality and cost-effective” standard to limit the COO’s discretion under subsection (a). Although “high quality and cost-effective” health care is a tricky standard for a court to apply, that difficulty is not unique to this statute. For example, in determining whether doctors are immune from suit while taking part in professional review activities, courts and juries must decide, under an objective standard, whether the doctors acted with “reasonable belief’ that their actions were “in furtherance of quality health care.” 42 U.S.C. § 11112(a)(1); see also Mathews v. Lancaster Gen. Hosp., 87 F.3d 624, 635 (3d Cir.1996). Furthermore, 5 U.S.C. § 701(a)(2) provides a “very narrow exception” that applies only in “rare instances.” Citizens to Pres. Overton Park, Inc. v. Volpe, 401 U.S. 402, 410, 91 S.Ct. 814, 28 L.Ed.2d 136 (1971). The difficulty of defining the boundaries of “high quality and cost-effective” health care is insufficient to make subsection (b) one of those rare instances.

We have regularly found Congress has not committed decisions to agency discretion under far more permissive and indeterminate language. For example, in Dickson v. Secretary of Defense, 68 F.3d 1396 (D.C.Cir.1995), we found judicial review was available for abuse of discretion when the statute stated that a board “may excuse a failure to file [a request to correct an error in a military record] within three years after discovery if it finds it to be in the interest of justice.” Id. at 1399-1404. *611If language that a board “may” take an action if it “finds it to be in the interest of justice” provides a “meaningful standard against which to judge the agency’s exercise of discretion,” Lincoln, 508 U.S. at 191, 113 S.Ct. 2024, surely wording mandating that the COO “shall” provide “high quality and cost-effective” health care does so as well.

IV

We conclude plaintiffs’ allegations under subsection (b) are neither moot nor “committed to agency discretion by law.” We therefore reverse the judgement of the district court and remand the case for further proceedings.

So ordered.