Mitchell v. Acosta Sales, LLC

MEMORANDUM AND ORDER REGARDING PLAINTIFFS’ MOTION FOR CONDITIONAL CERTIFICATION OF AN FLSA COLLECTIVE ACTION

I.

INTRODUCTION

The Plaintiffs in this action are former non-exempt employees of Defendants Acosta Sales, LLC, and Acosta, Inc. (together, “Acosta,” or “Defendants”), who provided various merchandising services to food and consumer goods retail stores that are Acosta’s customers and clients. Plaintiffs’ Complaint alleges that they and other Acosta “merchandisers” have been systematically denied regular and overtime compensation, pursuant to Acosta’s policies and practices, in violation of, inter alia, the Fair Labor Standards Act, 29 U.S.C. § 201 et seq. (Docket No. 1, Compl. ¶¶ 17, 32-38.) Plaintiffs now seek conditional certification of a collective class, pursuant to 29 U.S.C. § 216(b). (Docket No. 86.)

*1108For the reasons that follow, the Court concludes that Plaintiffs have met their burden to demonstrate that they are similarly situated to other members of the proposed class. Accordingly, the Court GRANTS Plaintiffs’ Motion for conditional certification to proceed as a collective action under the FLSA.

II.

FACTUAL BACKGROUND AND THE PARTIES’ EVIDENCE

A. Introduction and Background

Acosta operates a brokerage and marketing business for food and consumer goods outlets in all 50 states in the United States, and in Canada. (Docket No. 138, Declaration of Toni Gerwitz in Support of Defendants’ Opposition [Gerwitz DeclJ ¶¶ 2-3.) Through its “retail department,” Acosta provides various merchandising services to retail stores (Acosta’s “customers” or “Stores”), and to manufacturers of consumer products (Acosta’s “clients” or “Manufacturers”). (7&¶¶ 2, 4.) These services are performed at a variety of retail locations, and include cheeking inventory and stocking products on the shelves; ensuring that products are properly displayed, priced, rotated, and sold; setting up, photographing, and tearing down promotional product displays; and collecting data and communicating with store management about product issues. Acosta employs approximately 14,300 merchandisers to carry out these functions, in nine organizational management divisions, and under 10 active, and five inactive, job titles. (Id. ¶ 4, 8; Docket No. 92, Declaration of Joshua G. Konecky in Support of Plaintiffs’ Motion [Konecky Deck], Ex. D [9/23/11 Acosta Interrogatory Response] at 10; Konecky Deck, Ex. B, [Deposition of Toni Gerwitz, Person Most Knowledgeable (“PMK Depo.”) ] 33:2-18.) Approximately 12,000 of these merchandisers work in the United States. (PMK Depo. 29:10-20.)

B. The Duties of Acosta Merchandisers

1. Generally

Acosta’s merchandisers perform tasks within one of two broad categories: physical merchandising tasks at the request of Stores, such as arranging and rearranging food products consistent with store layout plans, referred to as “schematics” or “plan-o-grams”; and answering questions, at the request of Manufacturers, on handheld or laptop devices (“NARS Devices”) while physically in a store, regarding placement and pricing of the Manufacturer’s products. (Gerwitz Deck ¶ 5; see also id. ¶¶ 22-39 (describing functions performed by merchandisers in Acosta’s Continuity and Target-Dedicated divisions using NARS Devices); Konecky Deck, Ex. P [Acosta NARS Reference Manual] at P21-P43; Konecky Deck, Ex. V [Acosta NARS Training Manual].)

Acosta’s Sets and Projects (“ASAP”) division performs specific tasks that are unique to that division. (Gerwitz Deck ¶ 17.) This division provides teams of three to 25 people who “reset” shelves at the Stores’ direction, by moving and placing large volumes of retail products according to changing schematics and plan-o-grams. (7<7.¶ 17(C), (G).) In addition, ASAP merchandisers perform unique “project” services for Manufacturers, to ensure that their individual products are placed, serviced, and sold correctly within a variety of different types of retail outlets. (7d1Hl 2, 17(D).) Project tasks performed may include attaching promotional stickers to products, building and taking photos of promotional displays, filling out survey audits with information about specific product displays, or checking inventory and restocking products, (Id. ¶ 17(D); see also Docket No. 89, Declaration of *1109Alvin Johnson in Support of Plaintiffs’ Motion [Johnson Decl.] ¶ 2; Docket No. 88, Declaration of Natasha Lytle in Support of Plaintiffs’ Motion [Lytle Decl.] ¶¶ 2, 3; Docket No. 91, Declaration of Charles Sutton in Support of Plaintiffs’ Motion [Sutton Decl.] ¶¶ 2, 3.) An individual ASAP merchandiser may perform both “reset” and “project” jobs. (Gerwitz Decl. ¶ 17(D) n.3.) Acosta’s ASAP merchandisers use the company’s “Natural Insight” web site to accept and complete jobs and to report their hours; merchandisers in other divisions do not use this site. (Gerwitz Decl. ¶¶ 6, 7, 19(A), (F); Docket No. 92, Konecky Deck, Ex. B [Lytle Depo. (Mem.) ] 83:21-84:3; see Docket No. 92, Konecky Decl., Ex. 0 [Natural Insight Merchandiser Training Manual] at 022-030.)

2. Pre-Store Duties

Plaintiffs present evidence that merchandisers across Acosta’s divisions are required to perform certain tasks before performing work at a retail site, referred to as a store “call.” First, merchandisers receive assignments from Acosta supervisors via their Acosta e-mail and voicemail accounts, or by accepting jobs via the Natural Insight web site. They are required to check e-mail, voicemail, and the Natural Insight site throughout the day in order to receive information about assignments. (PMK Dep. 55:16-56:25 (confirming that supervisors contact merchandisers via voicemail and e-mail during times when merchandisers are not in-store); Docket No. 145, Declaration of Matthew B. George in Support of Plaintiffs’ Motion [George Deck], Ex. 4 [Puliselich Depo. (Reply) ] 226:13-15 (testifying that NARS merchandisers were advised to check e-mail before and after calls); Konecky Decl., Ex. S [Acosta Retail Communications Expectations for Every Associate] (requiring ASAP associates to check voicemail a minimum of three times per day, and e-mail once per day); Konecky Deck, Ex. T [ASAP Merchandiser Welcome Packet] (suggesting that ASAP merchandisers check Natural Insight daily for opportunities); Konecky Deck, Ex. U [Natural Insight Training Manual] at U02-U08 (instructing on how to accept opportunities and schedule calls on the site).)

Defendants confirm that ASAP “project” merchandisers accept jobs through Natural Insight, according to their schedules, but provide evidence that ASAP “reset” merchandisers are given their weekly schedules in advance, either via voicemail from their supervisor, or via a print-out handed to them while they are working. (Docket No. 138, Putative Class Member (“PCM”) Declarations in Support of Defendants’ Opposition, PCM Saavedra Decl. p. 15, ¶ 5; PCM Meyers Deck, p. 18, ¶ 5; PCM Dobbins Decl., p. 29, ¶¶ 3, 5; PCM J. Gonzalez Deck, p. 8, ¶ 6; PCM Bille Deck pp. 23-24, ¶ 5; PCM Zellman Deck, p. 51, ¶ 6; PCM Blackwell Deck, p. 55, ¶ 5.) NARS Device users create their own schedules on the devices once weekly or monthly, and have some flexibility in assigning dates and times to the calls. (Gerwitz Deck ¶ 31(A), 36(A); PCM Amador Deck, p. 248, ¶ 5; PCM Luna Deck, p. 239, ¶ 5.)

Second, Plaintiffs present evidence that, after receiving an assignment and prior to traveling to the retail site, merchandisers are required to check their voicemail, email, and the Natural Insight site for last-minute information about products and assignments and supervisor comments and instructions, and in order to print project forms, download surveys, retrieve plan-o-grams and schematics, review product information, and learn what tools or materials to bring to the store. (Johnson Deck ¶¶ 3, 4; Lytle Deck ¶ 3; Docket No. 90, Declaration of Richard Puliselich in Support of Plaintiffs’ Motion [Puliselich Deck] *1110¶6; Sutton Decl. ¶4, 5; Lytle Depo. (Mem.) 166:1-173:21, 30:17-34:17, 185:23-186:20; George Deck, Ex. 3 [Johnson Depo. (Reply)] 17:19-18:24; Puliselich Depo. (Reply) 40:20-44:23, 188:15-20, 189:9-190:3, 227:13-20, 258:3-15 (testifying that he and other team members were consistently required to print-out or complete a “tremendous volume” of documentation prior to arriving at a store call); Konecky Deck, Exs. E, F, G, H, I, J, K, L, M [Opt-In Plaintiffs’ Responses to Defendants’ First Set of Interrogatories] Nos. 1, 9, 13; Natural Insight Merchandiser Training Manual at 022-027; Acosta NARS Reference Manual at P25-28; Konecky Deck, Ex. T [ASAP Merchandiser Welcome Packet] at T01; Natural Insight Training Manual at U09-U10.) This information changes frequently, and merchandisers are instructed, by supervisors and by Acosta training manuals, to perform this work shortly before departing for the store, so that they will have the most up-to-date information—and, indeed, so that they will be able to perform their jobs. (Johnson Decl. ¶ 4; Lytle Decl. ¶ 3; Puliselich Decl. ¶ 4; Lytle Depo. (Mem.) 33:30-34:10, 170:15-173:13, 174:7-9; Johnson Depo. (Reply) 17:19-18:24, 88:20-97:7.) Merchandisers may even be expected to communicate with supervisors via cell phone while commuting to a retail site. (Johnson Decl. ¶ 10; Lytle Decl. ¶ 9; Gerwitz Decl. ¶ 13.)

Defendants present evidence that this preparatory work is either not required, or is insubstantial. (Gerwitz Decl. ¶ 19(C) (stating that “90%” of reset merchandisers “should never download or print a schematic or plan-o-gram because the vast majority of the stores ... provide these items on site,” and that “there is no need (and certainly no requirement)” for a reset merchandiser “to consult a schematic or plan-o-gram prior to a shift” because these are “merely points of reference while a Reset is being performed in the store”; Docket No. 138, Declaration of John Yslas in Support of Defendants’ Opposition [Yslas Deck], Ex. 2 [Sutton Depo. (Opp.) ] 95:21-96:16 (testifying that payroll documents and plan-o-grams were mailed to his house or available at the store)); PCM C. Gonzalez Deck, p. 251, ¶ 4 (“Acosta does not control ... what I do before going to my first store ... ”); PCM Miranda Deck, p. 67, ¶ 5, PCM Peck Deck, p. 61, ¶ 5, PCM Kaliebe Deck, p. 75, ¶ 5, PCM J. Gonzalez Deck, p. 8, ¶ 6, PCM Meyers Deck, p. 18, ¶ 5 (all stating that pre-store documents are mailed to house or available at store).) In particular, Defendants present evidence that NARS Device users are not required to perform pre-store preparatory work, because all necessary documents are available on the mobile devices. (Gerwitz Deck ¶ 19(C), (D).)

3. Post-Store Duties

Plaintiffs present evidence that, after completing the assigned tasks at the retail sites, merchandisers are required to complete the job by transmitting information back to Acosta about the work performed and any data collected, and to report the time spent on the job. For some jobs, they may be required merely to confirm that the work was performed, and to indicate the time spent and mileage incurred in traveling to and from the job. Other jobs require the submission of detañed product and work information, such as where and how products were displayed at the retaü sites, whether the items were properly tagged, whether sufficient inventory existed, the names of store supervisors on the project, how resets were performed, whether additional projects were completed, and problems encountered. (Johnson Deck ¶¶ 2, 5; Lytle Deck ¶ 4; Puliselich Deck ¶ 5; Sutton Deck ¶¶ 4, 5; Lytle Depo. (Mem.) 146:17-147:24, 188:13-*1111189:11; George Decl., Ex. 2 [Sutton Depo. (Reply) ] 151:21-152:12; Johnson Depo. (Reply) 117:1-121:14; Puliselich Depo. (Reply) 40:20-44:23, 188:15-20, 189:9-190:3, 227:13-20, 258:3-15 (testifying that he and other team members were consistently required to transmit NARS data and to complete a “tremendous volume” of other documentation after completing a store call); Opt-In Plaintiffs’ Responses to Defendants’ First Set of Interrogatories Nos. 1, 9, 13; Natural Insight Merchandiser Training Manual at 028 (“[o]nce the assignment has been completed, survey results, time keeping data, call details, and other information need to be entered into the system”); ASAP Merchandiser Welcome Packet at T01 (Natural Insight must be reported daily); Natural Insight Training Manual at U11-U13 (providing instructions for entering required post-store information, and stating that “[t]he project is not complete until the data is entered via the Natural Insight website and the fax form is sent back”).) All work and data must be reported promptly upon completion. (Acosta Retail Communications Expectations for Every Associate (requiring reporting within 12 hours of job completion); Lytle Depo. (Mem.) 205:5-207:20, 89:22-90:7; Johnson Decl. ¶ 5; Lytle Decl. ¶¶ 4, 9; Puliselich Decl. ¶ 5.)

Defendants present evidence that the post-store work required of Natural Insight users is insubstantial, and need not be completed immediately after the in-store shift. (Gerwitz Decl. ¶ 19(A), (B) (ASAP reset merchandisers are required to answer only four simple questions on Natural Insight after completing a job, while ASAP project merchandisers may be required to answer as many as 15); Sutton Depo. (Opp.) 144:6-23 (stating that he was required to answer, on Natural Insight, only the same two or four questions regarding the work performed and the same seven questions regarding hours worked); PCM C. Gonzalez Decl, p. 251, ¶ 4 (“Acosta does not control ... what I do .. after my last store”); PCM McGowan Deck, p. 300, ¶¶ 5, 6; PCM Baylor Deck, p. 78, ¶ 5; PCM Newfield Deck, p. 80, ¶ 4.)

For their part, NARS Device users have no post-store duties, other than submitting time sheets, because the data they collect must be transmitted to Acosta from the NARS Device while in-store, and is transmitted by the press of a button. (Gerwitz Decl. ¶¶ 31(B), 36(D); Yslas Deck, Ex. 3 [Johnson Depo. (Opp.) ] 38:2-15, 41:20-25; Yslas Deck, Ex. 4 [Puliselich Depo. (Opp.)] 167:12-13, 169:15-16 (testifying that transmitting NARS data to Acosta took little time); PCM Tinley Decl, p. 273, ¶¶ 5, 6; PCM Fulgham Decl., p. 245, ¶ 6; PCM Maxfield Decl., p. 259, ¶ 6; PCM Penrod Decl., p. 294, ¶ 5; PCM Isom Decl., p. 278, ¶ 3; PCM McGowan Decl., p. 300, ¶¶ 5, 6.) Moreover, any post-store administrative work performed varies substantially between individual merchandisers. (Puliselich Depo. 177:1-10 (Opp.) (testifying that, in addition to transmitting NARS data, he was required to process “paperwork” following a store call); Yslas Deck, Ex. 1 [Lytle Depo. (Opp.) ] 188:13-189:23 (testifying that, after completing a call, she was required to enter information into Natural Insight and fax information to Acosta); Johnson Depo. (Opp.) 55:18-21, 42:20-43:3 (stating that he was required to send “daily recaps” to his supervisor, but that this requirement “varied by team” and “depended on the manager”).)

4. Time Spent on Out-of-Store Duties

Plaintiffs present evidence that merchandisers spend between 15 minutes and one hour completing the required prestore and post-store tasks. (Johnson Decl. ¶¶ 5, 6; Lytle Decl. ¶ 6; Puliselich Decl. ¶¶ 4, 5; Sutton Decl. ¶ 5; Lytle Depo. *1112(Mem.) 185:23-186:20; Yslas Deck, Ex. 1 [Lytle Depo. (Reply)] 176:14-180:17; Johnson Depo. (Reply) 96:4-7, 117:1-121:14; Puliselich Depo. (Reply) 225:2-14; Sutton Depo. (Reply) 151:21-152:12; Opt-In Plaintiffs’ Responses to Defendants’ First Set of Interrogatories No. 1.) Acosta’s evidence is that the time spent “can range from one minute to three minutes, [in] very extreme cases a little bit longer.” (PMK Depo. 179:21-180:25, 73:4-15; see also, e.g., PCM Baylor Deck, p. 78, ¶ 5 (Natural Insight tasks take less than five minutes).) However, Acosta has never collected data on how much time is spent. (PMK Depo. 179:21-180:25, 73:4-15.)

C. Compensation and Overtime

Acosta’s merchandisers are classified as non-exempt employees and are paid between $9 and $19 per hour. {Id. at 15:1-6; 31:18-24; 45:17-20; 46:2-9.) Acosta’s policy is that merchandisers are paid for their “call” or “in-store” hours and for their compensable travel time.1 (Acosta NARS Reference Manual at P27 (equating “paid time” with “time in-store”); Natural Insight Merchandiser Training Manual at 029 (screenshot for reporting hours does not include field for reporting time spent on pre-store or post-store tasks); Konecky Deck, Ex. W [Acosta Time, Leave, and Attendance System (“ATLAS”) User Guide] at W02 (“[c]all hours and drive time hours are combined and loaded from Natural Insight as daily total hours”); Konecky Decl, Ex. X [ATLAS Frequently Asked Questions (“FAQ”) ] at X02 (“[t]he total hours reported on the Timesheet Summary in ATLAS will include both in-store work time and drive time.”).) For each merchandising job, the Natural Insight and NARS systems indicate an estimated or planned amount of “in-store” or “call” time. (Natural Insight Merchandiser Training Manual at 016 (showing that job acceptance page contains indication of “expected time to complete”).) These time estimates are developed by Acosta’s managers in conjunction with Acosta’s customers and clients. (PMK Depo. 141:19-142:5.) After a merchandiser accepts a job, the scheduled time transmits directly from Natural Insight or NARS to Acosta’s automated “Time, Leave, and Attendance System” (“ATLAS”). (PMK Depo. 121:20-21, 128:4-8; 9/23/11 Acosta Interrogatory Response at 9.) The merchandiser may adjust the in-store time recorded in ATLAS, once the job has been completed, in order to reflect the time actually worked. These records are reviewed and approved by management prior to payment. (PMK Depo. 121:20-122:25.)

Compensable travel time is recorded separately, and is defined as any travel time greater than one hour to and from each site. (Konecky Deck, Ex. Z [Acosta Commute Time Policy HR-303]; see Natural Insight Merchandiser Training Manual at 029 (screenshot showing field for “[a]uthorized payable drive time”); Konecky Deck, Ex. Y [Acosta Time Sheets] (containing field to enter “[d]rive [t]ime”).) Acosta’s commute time policy applies uniformly to all merchandisers. (PMK Depo. 145:16-146:17.)

The Parties dispute whether ASAP merchandisers are paid for pre- and post-store tasks. Specifically, Plaintiffs present evidence that Acosta pays employees based on the job estimates, rather than on the actual hours worked; that out-of-store duties are not accounted for by shift time *1113estimates; that merchandisers are not informed that pre- and post-store tasks are compensable, nor are they instructed to account for time spent on them in their ATLAS time records; and that, indeed, merchandisers do not report and are not paid for time spent on these tasks. (Acosta NARS Training Manual at V09 (stating that “handheld associates will be paid based on workable hours planned”); Konecky Deck, Ex. I [Opt-In Plaintiff Jim Moffat Interrogatory Response] at 2 (stating that he was paid based on his “in-store schedule”); Lytle Depo. (Mem.) 86:1-14 (same); Sutton Decl. (Reply) 278:15-279:5 (testifying that he was told to report on his time sheet only his scheduled hours); PMK Depo. 144:20-145:7, 77:23-78:11, 87:9-22, 228:18-229:5 (testifying that managers do not include pre-store and post-store activities in project time estimates); PMK Depo. 83:11-85:7, 86:5-14, 87:9-22, 106:2-9 (testifying that no system has been implemented to ensure that project time estimates include time for out-of-store activities); Puliselich Depo. (Reply) 199:9-16 (scheduled time did not include time to process paperwork before and after calls); PMK Depo. 151:18-20 (“[a]ny work that they are doing in the store—when they arrive at the store, that’s when their time starts”); PMK Depo. 157:7-25; Lytle Depo. (Reply) 92:5-97:9 (testifying that supervisors inform merchandisers that they are compensated only for in-store time, and not for time spent on Natural Insight); Sutton Depo. (Reply) 247:17-249:2 (testifying that he was never told that he could report hours worked outside of a store); Johnson Depo. (Reply) 159:19-160:4 (testifying that he was not paid for out-of-store activities); Puliselich Depo. (Reply) 246:2-4 (testifying that his time sheet reflected only in-store time); Johnson Decl. ¶¶ 7-9; Lytle Decl. ¶8; Puliselich Decl. ¶¶7, 8; Sutton Decl. ¶ 7; Opt-In Plaintiff Moffat Interrogatory Response at 1-2; see also Natural Insight Merchandiser Training Manual at 029 (screenshot for reporting hours; does not include field for reporting time spent on pre-store or post-store tasks); Acosta Time Sheets (containing only fields to enter “start time,” “end time,” overtime hours, “total hours,” “[i]n [sjtore hours,” “[d]rive [t]ime,” and “[r]eimbursable [mjiles (over 40)”).) Instead, merchandisers who complain about Acosta’s procedures are threatened with replacement. (Johnson Depo. (Reply) 96:8-97:4, 204:10-205:15; Puliselich Depo. (Reply) 229:3-232:21; Lytle Depo. (Reply) 69:25-71:3.)

Defendants cite contrary evidence that merchandisers are paid based on actual time worked, rather than estimated project times, and that time spent on out-of-store tasks is compensated for by paying merchandisers for a greater number of in-store hours than were actually worked, or by billing for “work from home” or “office” time. (Gerwitz Decl. ¶¶ 12, 13, 19(G) (confirming that Acosta uses estimated times to plan store calls, but denying that merchandisers are paid based on the estimated time); instead, employees “are instructed to enter time for all hours worked,” and “are paid for their self-reported time worked and not ... any sort of estimate”; Johnson Depo. (Opp.) 159:7-18, 161:2-25, 166:24-167:3, 170:22-171:4 (time entered on time sheets was based on actual, not estimated, time for call); PMK Depo. 93:9-25, 154:17-22, 174:4-9 (stating that time spent on work activities performed outside the store is compensated for by merchandisers leaving the store early); Gerwitz Decl. ¶¶ 11, 13,14 (describing various ways that administrative time is included in the in-store hours reported by merchandisers, and stating that “merchandising projects oftentimes take less time than the estimated time,” so that “Acosta employees are in fact often paid for more time than actually *1114worked”); Lytle Depo. (Opp.)- 108:14-112:1, 181:19-184:2 (testifying that she was told to leave a shift early, but would be paid for the full shift, a “handful” of times, and admitting to -having faxed in a time sheet during a shift); Johnson Depo. (Opp.) 169:16-170:4, 179:4-20 (admitting to having been overpaid from February to June or August 2008); PCM Lupo Deck, p. 178, ¶ 10; PCM Walsh Deck, p. 201 ¶ 8; PCM Alfonseca Deck, p. 201, ¶ 8; PCM Brohokyz Deck, p. 174, ¶ 10; PCM Canady Deck, p. 136, ¶ 7; PCM Jordan Deck, p. 163, ¶ 7; PCM Zellman Deck, p. 52, ¶ 8; PCM Beal Deck, p. 3, ¶ 11; PCM A. Gonzalez Deck, p. 39, ¶ 7; PCM Blackwell Deck, p. 56, ¶ 9; PCM Castillo Deck, p. 287, ¶¶9-10; PCM Gomez Deck, p. 291, ¶ 10; PCM Evans Deck, p. 46, ¶ 6; PCM Carter Deck, p. 209. ¶ 11; PCM Abud Deck, p. 229, ¶ 12; PCM Condon Deck, p. 129, ¶ 12; PCM Stark Deck, p. 157, ¶ 9.)

Only Acosta’s overtime policy suggests that time spent working outside the retail sites, other than travel time, can be compensable'. (Ex. AA [Acosta Overtime Policy HR-301] (stating that “[a]ll hours worked whether in the office, at home or at an assigned work location, must be recorded and preapproved by the immediate supervisor.”).) This overtime policy applies to all merchandisers. (Acosta Overtime Policy HR-301; PMK Depo. 91:8-15, 157:7-25.) However, the Parties have produced conflicting evidence as to whether overtime is accurately recorded and paid, for either in-store time or for pre- or post-store tasks. (Compare Konecky Deck, Ex. BB (supervisor e-mail indicating that no overtime will be approved for series of short projects); Konecky Deck, Ex. CC (supervisor e-mail indicating that merchandiser’s paycheck was short because she failed to receive pre-approval for overtime hours); Konecky Deck, Ex. DD (supervisor e-mails instructing merchandisers to enter overtime hours as work performed on a different day); Lytle Depo. (Mem.) 175:23-176:12 (testifying to the same practice); Johnson Deck (Opp.) 165:24-166:13 (testifying that supervisor denied him overtime on multiple occasions); Opt-In Plaintiff Moffat Interrogatory Response at 23 (stating that “Plaintiff was repeatedly told that the company did not give overtime”), with Gerwitz Deck ¶ 9 (stating that Acosta’s policy is to “pay compensation to all nonexempt employees for all hours worked over 40 in a calendar week—which includes administrative time,” and that she is “not aware of a single instance of any Acosta employee being discouraged from reporting all time worked, be it in-store work, non-commute travel time, administrative work, or any other work of any kind”); Johnson Depo. (Opp.) 163:4-164:4, 164:20-165:5 (admitting to having been paid overtime in June and August 2009).)

III.

DISCUSSION

A. Legal Standard: FLSA Collective Action Certification

The FLSA was enacted in 1938 to protect covered workers from improper working conditions such as excessive hour requirements. Friedrich v. U.S. Computer Servs., 974 F.2d 409, 412 (3d Cir.1992) (citing Barrentine v. Arkansas-Best Freight Sys., Inc., 450 U.S. 728, 739, 101 S.Ct. 1437, 67 L.Ed.2d 641 (1981), cert. denied, 471 U.S. 1054, 105 S.Ct. 2116, 85 L.Ed.2d 480 (1985)). This Act requires employers to compensate covered employees at a minimum of one-and-one-half times their standard hourly wage for working time in excess of forty hours per week. 29 U.S.C. § 207(a)(1); see also 29 U.S.C. § 213(b).

The FLSA explicitly allows employees to proceed collectively in order to *1115enforce provisions of the Act. 29 U.S.C. § 216(b). Thus, an action “may be maintained against any employer ... in any Federal or State court of competent jurisdiction by any one or more employees for and in behalf of himself or themselves and other employees similarly situated.” 29 U.S.C. § 216(b). At the same time, “[n]o employee shall be a party plaintiff to any such action unless he gives his consent in writing to become such a party and such consent is filed in the court in which such action is brought.” Id. Thus, this form of action is an opt-in form for similarly situated employees. “To obtain court authorization to send the proposed notice, plaintiffs must submit evidence establishing at least a colorable basis for their claim that a class of ‘similarly situated’ plaintiffs exists].” Severtson v. Phillips Beverage Co., 137 F.R.D. 264, 267 (D.Minn.1991).

Section 216(b) does not define “similarly situated,” and the Ninth Circuit has yet to define it, see Leuthold v. Destination Am., Inc., 224 F.R.D. 462, 466 (N.D.Cal.2004), but most courts and district courts within this Circuit follow a two-tiered approach to certification of FLSA collective actions. Edwards v. City of Long Beach, 467 F.Supp.2d 986, 989-90 (C.D.Cal.2006). Under this approach,

[T]he first step is for the court to decide, ‘based primarily on the pleadings and any affidavits submitted by the parties, whether the potential class should be given notice of the action.’ Given the limited amount of evidence generally available to the court at this stage in the proceedings, this determination is usually made ‘under a fairly lenient standard and typically results in conditional class certification.’ It is the plaintiffs’ burden to show that ‘the proposed lead plaintiffs and the proposed collective action group are similarly situated for purposes of § 216(b).’ ‘Plaintiff need not show that his position is or was identical to the putative class members’ positions; a class may be certified under the FLSA if the named plaintiff can show that his position was or is similar to those of the absent class members. However, unsupported assertions of widespread violations are not sufficient to meet Plaintiffs burden.’

Id. at 990 (citations omitted); accord, e.g., Deane v. Fastenal Co., No. C 11-00042 SI, 2011 WL 5520972, at*2 (N.D.Cal. Nov. 14, 2011); Misra v. Decision One Mortg. Co., LLC, 673 F.Supp.2d 987, 992-93 (C.D.Cal. 2008); Pfohl v. Farmers Ins. Group, No. CV 03-3080 DT (RCx), 2004 WL 554834, at *2 (C.D.Cal. Mar. 1, 2004); see also Thiessen v. Gen. Elec. Capital Corp., 267 F.3d 1095, 1102 (10th Cir.2001); Hipp v. Liberty Nat. Life Ins. Co., 252 F.3d 1208, 1219 (11th Cir.2001). Courts making a determination as to whether to certify a collective action and permit notice to be distributed to putative class members "tend to require `nothing more than substantial allegations that the putative class members were together the victims of a single decision, policy, or plan.’" Sarviss v. Gen. Dynamics Information Tech., Inc., 663 F.Supp.2d 883, 903 (C.D.Cal.2009) (citation omitted). However, these allegations must be "supported by affidavits which successfully engage a defendant’s affidavits to the contrary." Trinh v. JP Morgan Chase & Co., No. 07-CV-1666 W(WMC), 2008 WL 1860161, at *3 (S.D.Cal. Apr. 22, 2008). The factual showing required of putative collective action plaintiffs at this stage has frequently been described as "modest." See, e.g., Misra, 673 F.Supp.2d at 995.2

*1116After discovery is complete and the case is ready for trial, the party opposing collective action treatment may move to decertify the class. Edwards, 467 F.Supp.2d at 990 n. 1. At that stage, the court makes a factual determination as to whether the plaintiffs are similarly situated, based on the following factors: “(1) the disparate factual and employment settings of the individual plaintiffs; (2) the various defenses available to the defendants with respect to the individual plaintiffs; and (3) fairness and procedural considerations.” Id. (internal quotations and citation omitted). If the court determines that the plaintiffs are not similarly situated, it may decertify the collection action and dismiss the opt-in plaintiffs without prejudice. Id.

In cases in which “discovery has been undertaken .relating to the issues of certification of th[e] action as a collective action,” the Court “can proceed to the second determination ... and weigh relevant factors to determine whether the plaintiffs are similarly situated.” Pfohl, 2004 WL 554834, at *3. However, the Court does not have to proceed to the second determination, and this determination has been characterized as something that more appropriately takes place upon a motion to decertify a provisional class. Leuthold, 224 F.R.D. at 467-68. In either event, the determination of whether Plaintiff and the class are similarly situated differs from and is less stringent than the class action certification standard because “the FLSA simply requires that the employees be ‘similarly situated.’ The other factors required in class actions—numerosity, typicality, etc.—do not apply to collective actions.” Scholtisek v. Eldre Corp., 229 F.R.D. 381, 386 (W.D.N.Y.2005) (citations omitted).

B. Analysis

1. Collateral Estoppel

As an initial matter, Defendants argue that Plaintiffs are collaterally estopped from bringing this action collectively by the decertification of "substantially the same collective" action in Price v. Acosta, Inc., Case No. 03-2686 (W.D.Tenn. 2008), and by the court-approved stipulation to dismissal with prejudice of Human v. Acosta, Case No. Cv-10-237 ODW(RCx) (C.D.Cal.2010), a putative class action under California Code of Civil Procedure section 382, in which the plaintiff failed to timely bring a motion for class certification. (Opp. at 5-6; see Defendants’ Request for Judicial Notice [RJN], Ex. 2 [Price v. Acosta Decertification Decision], Ex. 4 [Human v. Acosta Dismissal with Prejudice].)3 "Issue preclusion bars relitigation of issues adjudicated in an earlier proceeding if three requirements are met: (1) the issue necessarily decided at the previous proceeding is identical to the one which is sought to be relitigated; (2) the first proceeding ended with a final judgment on the merits; and (3) the party against whom collateral estoppel is asserted was a party or in privity with a party at *1117the first proceeding." Reyn’s Pasta Bella, LLC v. Visa USA, Inc., 442 F.3d 741, 746 (9th Cir.2006) (citing Kourtis v. Cameron, 419 F.3d 989, 994 (9th Cir.2005)). "`In certain limited circumstances,’ a nonparty may be bound by a judgment because she was `adequately represented by someone with the same interests who [wa]s a party’ to the suit." Taylor v. Sturgell, 553 U.S. 880, 892, 128 S.Ct. 2161, 171 L.Ed.2d 155 (2008) (citation omitted).

The Supreme Court has held that "[r]epresentative suits with preclusive effect on nonparties include properly conducted class actions." Id. However, a "properly conducted class action" is one in which a class has been certified under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 23. Thus, "[n]either a proposed, nor a rejected, class action may bind nonparties." Smith v. Bayer Corp., — U.S.—, 131 S.Ct. 2368, 2380, 180 L.Ed.2d 341 (2011). Moreover, Defendants cite to no authority for the proposition that a rule contrary to that articulated in Smith applies to collective actions under the FLSA, or to proposed class actions under California Code of Civil Procedure section 382. (See Opp. at 5-6.) Recognition of our legal system’s "deeprooted historic tradition that everyone should have his day in court" and the narrow approach traditionally taken by courts to issue preclusion counsels against lending preclusive effect in either circumstance. Richards v. Jefferson County, 517 U.S. 793, 798, 116 S.Ct. 1761, 135 L.Ed.2d 76 (1996); see also Smith, 131 S.Ct. at 2381 ("... [O]ur legal system generally relies on principles of stare decisis and comity among courts to mitigate the sometimes substantial costs of similar litigation brought by different plaintiffs. We have not thought that the right approach (except in the discrete categories of cases we have recognized) lies in binding nonparties to a judgment.") This Court holds, there-fore, that Plaintiffs’ attempt to seek conditional collective certification in this action is not precluded by Price v. Acosta or by Human v. Acosta.

2. Conditional Certification

Through the collective action, Plaintiffs seek to represent a class of merchandisers—“nonexempt employees in Acosta’s retail department”—working for Defendants throughout the United States, who are “subject to Acosta’s written overtime policy HR-301 and/or Acosta’s written commute time policy HR-303.” (Mot. at 1; see also Mem. at 1, 16; Compl. ¶¶ 21, 22).

The Court finds that Plaintiffs have satisfied their burden, at this early stage, to make “substantial allegations” or a “modest factual showing” that they and other merchandisers employed by Acosta nationwide were subject to “a common policy or plan that violated the law.” Sarviss, 663 F.Supp.2d at 903; Misra, 673 F.Supp.2d 987, 995. Plaintiffs rely on: (1) declarations and deposition testimony by four former Acosta merchandisers in the southern California region, including two ASAP merchandisers who utilized the Natural Insight web site in their work and two merchandisers in other Acosta divisions who worked with NARS Devices; (2) verified interrogatory responses submitted by an additional ten Acosta merchandisers; (3) deposition testimony by Acosta’s PMK, HR Business Partner, West, Toni Gerwitz; and various Acosta policy, training, and reference materials applicable to Acosta merchandisers in all geographic locations. For their part, Defendants rely on a declaration filed by Gerwitz; deposition testimony by Gerwitz and by former Acosta merchandisers; and declarations filed by 105 current and former merchandisers, all employing substantially the same language. Although the Parties’ evidence conflicts in numerous and significant ways, *1118the Court is satisfied that the “fairly lenient standard” required to support conditional certification is met here. Edwards, 467 F.Supp.2d at 990.

Specifically, Plaintiffs have presented evidence that Acosta merchandisers in different divisions, performing different in-store tasks, and utilizing both the Natural Insight web site and Acosta’s handheld NARS devices were required to perform similar duties from outside the store and outside the hours of their scheduled shifts, including checking e-mail and voicemail; responding to inquiries from Acosta management; and preparing for, and completing, their “call” duties, by answering questions and submitting documentation. Plaintiffs have also presented evidence that they were not compensated for performing these tasks in any way, including by payment of “in-store” hours that accounted for time spent on out-of-store tasks, “drive time” hours, or overtime. Plaintiffs have presented further evidence that Acosta’s written policies, applicable nationwide, and its practices and procedures discourage merchandisers from seeking payment for all compensable time worked. (See Mem. at 16-23; Docket No. 144, Reply at 15-18.) Although Defendant submits evidence that some of its merchandisers were purportedly not subjected to the violations alleged in the operative complaint, that alone does not preclude conditional certification of this collective action. See Creely v. HCR ManorCare, Inc., 789 F.Supp.2d 819, 840 (N.D.Ohio 2011) (“happy camper” affidavits of little use at conditional certification stage of the proceedings). What is more notable is that Defendants make almost no reference to Acosta’s pertinent policy and training documents. In short, conditional certification does not require a showing that putative class members are identically situated, just that they are similarly situated, and a detailed analysis of such issues as differing job functions is more properly made on a motion for decertification. See Edwards, 467 F.Supp.2d at 990.

Thus, weighing the Parties’ evidence, the Court finds the evidence more substantial that (1) merchandisers are required to receive their schedules and information about their upcoming calls by checking email and voicemail accounts, by logging in to the Natural Insight web site and NARS program, and by speaking with supervisors outside of the merchandisers’ in-store hours; (2) merchandisers must complete call duties outside of in-store hours; and (3) merchandisers are not compensated for time spent completing out-of-store tasks. At the conditional certification stage, this factual showing is sufficient to support a finding of similarity.

Accordingly, the Court GRANTS Plaintiffs’ Motion for conditional collective certification of a nationwide class of non-exempt employees in Acosta’s retail department who are subject to Acosta’s written overtime and commute time policies.

3. Second Stage Analysis

Defendants request this Court to undertake the second stage analysis on the basis that “substantial discovery” has already been conducted in this action. (Opp. at 6, 8-9.) Although discovery on class-related issues has been conducted in this litigation since April 15, 2011, the Court does not feel compelled to proceed to the second-tier analysis for reasons similar to those articulated by the court in Leuthold. That court explained:

[T]he two-tier approach contemplates progression through the notice stage before reaching the more rigorous inquiry required to maintain the class.... At the first tier, the proposed class repre*1119sentatives ask the court to determine whether conditional certification is proper so that notice may be sent to potential plaintiffs. At the second tier, the impetus for reaching the more stringent factual analysis is a motion to decertify the class filed by defendants. It would be unusual to reach the latter inquiry upon motion of the plaintiffs. Even more anomalous would be to reach the questions governing the standard for decertification without ever reaching the threshold question whether conditional certification and notice are appropriate.

Leuthold, 224 F.R.D. at 467-68.

Numerous courts in this Circuit have held that the more rigorous second-tier analysis does not apply until after the close of discovery, at the point when the case is ready for trial, and others have held that the notice stage is effective as long as discovery on collective certification continues. See, e.g., Labrie v. UPS Supply Chain Solutions, Inc., No. C08-3182, 2009 WL 723599, at *3 (N.D.Cal. March 18, 2009) (first stage analysis applies until discovery is complete and case is ready for trial); Edwards, 467 F.Supp.2d at 990 n. 1 (same); Goudie v. Cable Communications, Inc., No. 08-CV-507-AC, 2008 WL 4628394, at *5 (D.Or. Oct. 14, 2008) (first stage analysis applied as long as classrelated discovery continues). Although Defendants cite to one intra-circuit and two out-of-circuit cases for the proposition that a court may require a heightened factual showing to be made where some discovery has been conducted on the certification issue, courts within this Circuit overwhelmingly "refuse to depart from the notice stage analysis prior to the close of discovery." Kress v. Pricewaterhouse-Coopers, LLP, 263 F.R.D. 623, 629 (E.D.Cal.2009). Indeed, this Court has refused to proceed to the second stage analysis, as a matter of course, even in circumstances in which discovery had closed and some forms of notice had been sent to potential group members. See Dudash v. Varnell Strucks and Assocs., No. 04-10067 GAF (RZx), at 36 (C.D.Cal. Mar. 6, 2006).

Proceeding to the second stage analysis at the present stage in this action would be premature. Discovery related to certification is incomplete; notably, the Parties have not resolved differences regarding the sufficiency of Acosta’s responses to Plaintiffs’ written discovery requests; Plaintiffs have not had an opportunity to depose Acosta’s PCM declarants regarding their statements; and this Court earlier denied without prejudice Plaintiffs’ request that Acosta identify merchandiser witnesses and potential opt-in plaintiffs, as premature. (See Reply at 4, 15; Docket No. 78.) Should Defendants choose to file a decertification motion at a later stage during this litigation, the Court will be able to proceed on a more complete record. Accordingly, the Court declines to proceed to the second stage analysis.

4. The Parties’ Requests to Facilitate/Limit Notice

Defendants request that the Court narrow the scope of notice to the named Plaintiffs’ unit groups or to California; to a statutory period of two years, rather than three; and to an opt-in period of 30 days, rather than the 90 days proposed by Plaintiffs. (Opp. at 25.) The Court declines to impose geographical or intra-organizational limitations on notice at this stage; sub-groups may be organized or eliminated at later stages. In addition, on the basis of the evidence adduced, the Court declines to limit notice to the two-year statutory period for unwillful violations. Pursuant to 29 U.S.C. § 255(a), the Court permits a notice period of three years from the date the cause of action accrued. As to the period for opt-in, the Court declines to resolve the Parties’ dif*1120ference now, and reserves its ruling until after the Parties have filed proposed notices. Accordingly, the Court DENIES Defendants’ request to limit the scope of notice.

Plaintiffs request that the Court toll the statute of limitations for all opt-in Plaintiffs as of the date of this Order, because of delays caused by Acosta’s motion to stay and the consolidation of this case with two other cases, and because Plaintiffs timely requested, but Acosta has not yet produced, class member contact information. Equitable tolling is justified on the last basis, exclusive of the other bases, because Plaintiffs have diligently pursued their legal rights and are without fault for the delay. See Adams v. Inter-Con Sec. Sys., Inc., 242 F.R.D. 530, 543 (N.D.Cal.2007) (tolling where defendants withheld contact information for potential class members before conditional certification). Accordingly, the Court GRANTS Plaintiffs’ request to toll the statute of limitations for opt-in Plaintiffs to the date of this Order.

Finally, Plaintiffs request that the Court facilitate notice by (1) directing Defendants to produce a “computer-readable data file containing the names, last known addresses, telephone numbers, job titles and last known email addresses” of all “persons within the proposed class who have been employed by Defendants in the United States at any time within three years” of the Court’s present Order; and (2) “appoint a third-party administrator to mail the notice to all class members within seven days of receipt of the data files and post the notice on the websites of Plaintiffs’ counsel.” (Docket No. 86, Not. at 1.) Because the Court grants Plaintiffs’ Motion for conditional collective certification, the Court also GRANTS the first of these additional requests. The Court defers ruling on the second request until proposed notices are received from the Parties.

IV.

CONCLUSION

For the reasons set forth herein, Plaintiffs’ motion for conditional collective certification under the FLSA is GRANTED. Defendants are hereby ORDERED to produce to Plaintiffs a computer-readable data file containing the names, last known addresses, telephone numbers, job titles and last known e-mail addresses of all persons within the proposed class who have been employed by Defendants in the United States at any time within three years of the date of the Court’s present Order. Plaintiff is to submit the proposed notices, following consultation with Defendant, to the Court on or before Monday, January 9, 2012. If the parties are unable to reach agreement as to the contents of the proposed notices, Defendant may file opposition to the proposed notices on or before Monday, January 16, 2012, and Plaintiff may reply on or before Monday, January 23, 2012. The applicable opt-in deadline—if not agreed upon by the parties—will then be set.

The hearing scheduled for Monday, December 19, 2011, is VACATED.

IT IS SO ORDERED.