United States v. Leron Liggins

                                 RECOMMENDED FOR PUBLICATION
                                 Pursuant to Sixth Circuit I.O.P. 32.1(b)
                                        File Name: 23a0165p.06

                    UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                    FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT



                                                              ┐
 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
                                                              │
                                     Plaintiff-Appellee,      │
                                                               >        No. 22-1236
                                                              │
        v.                                                    │
                                                              │
 LERON LIGGINS,                                               │
                                  Defendant-Appellant.        │
                                                              ┘

  Appeal from the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Michigan at Detroit.
                No. 2:18-cr-20071-1—Stephen J. Murphy III, District Judge.

                                       Argued: May 4, 2023

                                Decided and Filed: August 3, 2023

                    Before: MOORE, CLAY, and MATHIS, Circuit Judges.
                                 _________________

                                             COUNSEL

ARGUED: Wade G. Fink, WADE FINK LAW, P.C., Birmingham, Michigan, for Appellant.
Erin S. Shaw, UNITED STATES ATTORNEY’S OFFICE, Detroit, Michigan, for Appellee.
ON BRIEF: Wade G. Fink, WADE FINK LAW, P.C., Birmingham, Michigan, for Appellant.
Erin S. Shaw, UNITED STATES ATTORNEY’S OFFICE, Detroit, Michigan, for Appellee.
                                       _________________

                                              OPINION
                                       _________________

       CLAY, Circuit Judge. Defendant Leron Liggins was indicted on one count of conspiracy
to possess with intent to distribute and to distribute heroin, in violation of 

(a)(1)
and 846, and one count of aiding and abetting the possession with intent to distribute heroin, in
violation of 

 and 

. At a pretrial hearing, the district judge remarked
 No. 22-1236                         United States v. Liggins                              Page 2


that Liggins “look[ed] like a criminal to me” and that Liggins was doing “what criminals do.”
Liggins moved for the district judge’s recusal based on these remarks, among others, and the
district court denied the motion. For the reasons that follow, we VACATE the district court’s
judgment of conviction and sentence, and REMAND to another district judge for a new trial.

                                        BACKGROUND

       On February 6, 2018, a federal grand jury in the Eastern District of Michigan indicted
Liggins on one count of conspiracy to possess with intent to distribute and to distribute heroin, in
violation of 

(a)(1) and 846. Previously, a federal grand jury in the Western
District of Kentucky had indicted Liggins on one count of possession with intent to distribute a
controlled substance, in violation of 

(a)(1). In the Kentucky case, Liggins stated
he wished to plead guilty to the offense charged, and requested the case be transferred to the
Eastern District of Michigan pursuant to Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure 20(a). The Western
District of Kentucky district court approved Liggins’ request and transferred the case to the
Eastern District of Michigan for a guilty plea and sentence, where it was assigned to the same
district judge as Liggins’ Michigan conspiracy case. In the Eastern District of Michigan, Liggins
jointly stipulated with the government for several extensions of time on the speedy trial clock to
explore resolution of both the Kentucky and the Michigan cases.

       On March 26, 2019, Liggins filed a pro se motion to terminate his attorney’s services.
The next day, Liggins’ counsel moved to withdraw. After holding a hearing, the district court
granted counsel’s motion to withdraw. On April 30, 2019, the district court appointed Criminal
Justice Act panel attorney Joseph Arnone to represent Liggins.

       Based on Arnone’s recent appointment and his need to become familiar with the case, the
district court cancelled the June 4, 2019 trial date for the Michigan case, and set a new trial date
of September 24, 2019. At the final pretrial conference on September 5, 2019, Liggins affirmed
his desire to proceed to trial in the Michigan case. On September 12, 2019, the government filed
a superseding indictment, which added one count of aiding and abetting possession with intent to
distribute heroin, in violation of 

 and 

. Two days later, on
September 14, 2019, Liggins indicated that he intended to plead guilty. Accordingly, the district
 No. 22-1236                          United States v. Liggins                              Page 3


court cancelled the trial and scheduled a change of plea hearing for September 24, 2019.
However, on September 24, 2019, when Liggins appeared in court, he indicated that he no longer
intended to plead guilty. The district court then set a new trial date for March 3, 2020.

          On December 19, 2019, Liggins made another pro se filing indicating his dissatisfaction
with Arnone, his second attorney. On January 23, 2020, Arnone moved to withdraw as counsel
for Liggins. The district court set a hearing on Arnone’s motion to withdraw for January 30,
2020.

          At the hearing, the district judge began by stating: “[m]ost defendants don’t get my
attention or stand out, but Mr. Liggins does.” Jan. 30, 2020 Hr’g Tr., R. 80, Page ID #393. The
district judge next remarked on Liggins’ inability to work with either his first attorney or Arnone,
whom the district judge characterized as “two of the very finer lawyers in the district.” 

 at
Page ID #393–394. The district judge summarized the procedural history of the case, and then
stated:

          I’m tired of this case. I’m tired of this defendant. I’m tired of getting the
          runaround. This has been going on since February 6, 2018. We’ve got a case out
          of Kentucky that came here under Rule 20. Rule 20 says the reason for the
          transfer was the defendant has agreed to plead guilty. I feel as if the Court has
          been misled. I’ve been told in an official pleading and informally the defendant
          was going to plead guilty. We cancelled jurors. We got a trial date. Now we got
          this.

 at Page ID #395. Liggins requested to speak, but the district court denied him permission
because Liggins was represented. When Liggins responded by saying “No, I don’t—I’m not
represented,” the district judge responded: “You are represented. And if you speak anymore, I’ll
have you hauled out of here.” 

 Turning to address Arnone, the district court reiterated that he
was “being misled and messed with” and then stated the following:

          This guy has got my attention, Mr. Arnone. What do you want me to do? This
          guy looks like a criminal to me. This is what criminals do. This isn’t what
          innocent people, who want a fair trial do. He’s indicted in Kentucky. He’s
          indicted here. He’s alleged to be dealing heroin, which addicts, hurts and kills
          people, and he’s playing games with the Court. Do you agree?
 No. 22-1236                              United States v. Liggins                                    Page 4

 at Page ID #396. Arnone responded: “I can’t argue with your logic.” 

 Liggins again
requested permission to speak, and the district judge again denied it. The district court granted
Arnone’s motion to withdraw. Additionally, the district court transferred the Kentucky case
back to the Western District of Kentucky.

        Following Arnone’s withdrawal, Liggins was represented by a third attorney. Because of
counsel’s need to become familiar with the case, delays related to COVID-19, and on the parties’
joint stipulations to continue the trial, the district court reset the trial date five times. Then, on
March 15, 2021, Liggins’ third attorney was replaced by a fourth attorney. Ultimately, the
district court set trial for October 19, 2021.

        The day before trial was scheduled to begin, Liggins moved for recusal of the district
judge under 

(a) based on the district judge’s remarks at the January 30, 2020
hearing. The next day, during the trial but outside the presence of the jury, the district judge
addressed the recusal motion, stating that he appreciated the “opportunity to clear up a few things
that ha[d] been bothering [him] for a few months.” Voir Dire Tr., R. 132, Page ID #881.

        The district judge denied Liggins’ motion. In so ruling, the district court began by
summarizing the procedural history of the case and the events that occurred at the January 30,
2020 hearing. He then asserted that Liggins had “engaged in a personal colloquy” with the court,
and that this caused the district judge to become “upset.” 

 at Page ID #1062. For this
conduct, the district judge apologized to Liggins: “And I want to say right now directly to Mr.
Liggins I’m sorry, I apologize for getting upset. I did that because, A, I thought we were going
to have a guilty plea; B, I thought that the colloquy was getting out of hand; and C, I lost my
head.” 

 The district judge continued:

        Now, having said that, I would say two things. Number one, Mr. Brusstar1 in that
        transcript agreed with my underlying concerns, and number two, just because
        I got mad does not mean I’m biased against Mr.—Mr. Liggins. I’m not, trust me.
        I give Mr. Liggins the same rights and opportunities here to demonstrate his
        innocence or lack of guilt as any other litigant, and I believe that my conduct at


        1
          The district judge incorrectly identified defense counsel—at the January 30, 2020 hearing, Liggins was
represented by Liggins’ second attorney Arnone, not Brusstar (Liggins’ third attorney).
 No. 22-1236                         United States v. Liggins                               Page 5


       the final pretrial conference, in ruling on the motions in limine and in today’s
       hearing do not evidence any bias. In fact, they—they evidence lack of partiality.

 at Page ID #1062–63.

       As authority for its denial of Liggins’ recusal motion, the district court relied on Liteky v.
United States, 

 (1994). In describing his conduct, the district judge stated:

       I was mad, I was hostile, I was disapproving, and I regret it. I made a mistake by
       yelling like that, but I wasn’t upset or concluding that Mr. Liggins was—was
       guilty of an offense or hostile or partial toward him. I concluded he was acting in
       a manner which was frankly obstructionist and making me mad.

Voir Dire Tr., R. 132, Page ID #1063. Nonetheless, the district judge concluded that, under the
standard established in Liteky, he was unbiased and declined to recuse himself. The district
judge also noted that, in his view, Liggins’ motion was untimely and it would be inappropriate to
grant the motion given the need for “fair and efficient administrative adjudication of” Liggins’
case. 

 at Page ID #1064. Finally, the district judge assured Liggins that he would “act in an
impartial and fair manner going forward.” 

 at Page ID #1065.

       After the district judge denied Liggins’ motion for recusal, the trial proceeded. The jury
convicted Liggins on both counts. Liggins moved for a new trial under Federal Rule of Criminal
Procedure 33, and the district court denied that motion.          Subsequently, the district court
sentenced Liggins to 127 months’ imprisonment. Liggins timely appealed.

                                          DISCUSSION

       On appeal, Liggins challenges the district court’s denial of his motion for recusal and
argues that he is entitled to a new trial before another district judge because the district judge’s
remarks evinced bias or prejudice against him. We review a district court’s denial of a motion
for recusal for an abuse of discretion. Burley v. Gagacki, 

 (6th Cir. 2016).
Based on the district judge’s inappropriate remarks at the January 30, 2020 hearing, we conclude
that the district judge should have recused himself from Liggins’ case, and therefore abused his
discretion by denying Liggins’ recusal motion.
 No. 22-1236                          United States v. Liggins                               Page 6


                                                  I.

       The Due Process Clause of the Fifth Amendment requires a “fair trial in a fair tribunal
before a judge with no actual bias against the defendant.” Bracy v. Gramley, 

, 904–
05 (1997) (internal quotation marks and citations omitted); see In re Murchison, 

 (1955) (“A fair trial in a fair tribunal is a basic requirement of due process.”). Under the
Due Process Clause, “recusal is required when, objectively speaking, ‘the probability of actual
bias on the part of the judge or decisionmaker is too high to be constitutionally tolerable.’”
Rippo v. Baker, 

 (2017) (per curiam) (quoting Withrow v. Larkin, 

 (1975)). We ask “not whether a judge harbors an actual, subjective bias, but instead whether,
as an objective matter, the average judge in his position is likely to be neutral, or whether there is
an unconstitutional potential for bias.” Williams v. Pennsylvania, 

 (2016) (internal
quotation marks omitted) (quoting Caperton v. A.T. Massey Coal Co., 

(2009)). Because “[b]oth the appearance and reality of impartial justice are necessary to the
public legitimacy of judicial pronouncements and thus to the rule of law itself,” an
unconstitutional failure to recuse is structural error and thus not amenable to harmless-error
review. Id. at 16.

       However, “[t]he Due Process Clause demarks only the outer boundaries of judicial
disqualifications.” Caperton, 

. Recusal “questions are, in most cases, answered
by common law, statute, or the professional standards of the bench and bar.” Bracy, 

. In this case, Liggins moved for the district judge’s recusal pursuant to the federal recusal
statute 

. Accordingly, we must consider whether the district court abused its
discretion in denying Liggins’ motion pursuant to the law governing judicial recusal under § 455.

       Under subsection 455(a), all “judge[s] of the United States” must “disqualify
[themselves] in any proceeding in which [their] impartiality might reasonably be questioned.”

(a). Subsection 455(b), in contrast to subsection 455(a)’s general dictate,
enumerates specific instances requiring recusal, the first of which is relevant here: judges must
recuse themselves when they have “a personal bias or prejudice concerning a party, or personal
knowledge of disputed evidentiary facts concerning the proceeding.” 

 § 455(b)(1).
 No. 22-1236                          United States v. Liggins                               Page 7


       The leading case from the Supreme Court on recusal under § 455 is Liteky. Under Liteky,
the terms “bias or prejudice” connote instances of partiality or opinions that are “somehow
wrongful or inappropriate.”      510 U.S. at 550–52.       A judge’s misconduct at trial may be
“characterized as bias or prejudice” if “it is so extreme as to display clear inability to render fair
judgment.” Id. at 551 (internal quotation marks omitted). This conduct must be so extreme, in
other words, that it “display[s] a deep-seated favoritism or antagonism that would make fair
judgment impossible.” Id. at 555. “[J]udicial remarks during the course of a trial that are critical
or disapproving of, or even hostile to, counsel, the parties, or their cases ordinarily do not support
a bias or partiality challenge. . . . [But] they will do so if they reveal such a high degree of
favoritism or antagonism as to make fair judgment impossible.”              Id. (emphasis omitted).
“[E]xpressions of impatience, dissatisfaction, annoyance, and even anger, that are within the
bounds of what imperfect men and women . . . sometimes display,” by contrast, do not establish
such bias or partiality. Id. at 555-56; see also Offutt v. United States, 

 (1954).

       In Liteky, as an example of a case in which recusal was warranted because the judge’s
remarks made “fair judgment impossible,” the Supreme Court cited Berger v. United States, 

 (1921). 

. In Berger, a World War I espionage case involving German-
American defendants, the Supreme Court concluded that a district judge was impermissibly
biased when he stated: “One must have a very judicial mind, indeed, not to be prejudiced against
the German-Americans in this country. Their hearts are reeking with disloyalty.” 

.
Immediately thereafter, the judge stated: “This defendant is the kind of a man that spreads this
kind of propaganda, and it has been spread until it has affected practically all the Germans in this
country.” 

 at 28–29. According to the Supreme Court, these comments were sufficiently
extreme to establish “such a high degree of . . . antagonism as to make fair judgment
impossible.” Liteky, 

.

                                                 II.

       Difficult as the recusal standard may be to reach, we find that the district judge’s
unacceptable remarks at the January 30, 2020 hearing satisfy it. Among the many disparaging
remarks about Liggins that the district judge made, the most troubling is that Liggins “looks like
a criminal to me.” Jan. 30, 2020 Hr’g Tr., R. 80, Page ID #396. We are highly concerned by
 No. 22-1236                          United States v. Liggins                             Page 8


this remark, especially when directed toward Liggins, an African American man. Even if one
were to assume a lack of racial bias on the part of the district judge, the remark nevertheless
raises the specter of such bias. “Discrimination on the basis of race, odious in all aspects, is
especially pernicious in the administration of justice.” Rose v. Mitchell, 

(1979).

          The government assures us that this remark referred only to Liggins’ conduct, and not his
appearance. But this Court cannot decide what the district judge meant by his remark. Rather,
we review only the remark that the district judge made. And regardless of the district judge’s
intended meaning, we must consider the interpretation that a reasonable observer of this public
hearing could have made, for we must guard against not only actual bias but also the appearance
of bias, which “demeans the reputation and integrity” of the court of which the district judge is a
part. Williams, 

. Given the district judge’s remark that Liggins “look[ed] like a
criminal to [him],” a reasonable observer could have interpreted the remark to indicate a
prejudgment of Liggins’ guilt based on Liggins’ physical appearance. See Berger, 

 (prejudging the defendants’ guilt based on their German-American identity).

          Beyond this remark, the district judge’s other remarks could be understood to
demonstrate clear prejudgment of Liggins’ guilt. For instance, the district judge stated that
Liggins was doing “what criminals do.” Jan. 30, 2020 Hr’g Tr., R. 80, Page ID #396. Moreover,
he made it clear to defense counsel that “[m]ost defendants don’t get my attention or stand out,
but Mr. Liggins does” and told him “I’m tired of this case. I’m tired of this defendant.” 

 at
Page ID #393 & 395. These remarks served no purpose for courtroom administration, but rather
constituted gratuitous commentary by the district judge about his opinion of Liggins and his
feelings about Liggins’ case. Cf. Liteky, 

. And because these remarks suggest
prejudgment of guilt, they go beyond mere “expressions of impatience, dissatisfaction,
annoyance, [or] anger.” 

 at 555–56.

          The government concedes that the district judge should not have “lost his temper,” but
argues that the court’s frustration was “understandable” based on Liggins’ conduct during
pretrial proceedings. Appellee’s Br. at 24–25. To the contrary, we do not find the district
judge’s conduct understandable in the least. The complexity or long duration of a criminal case
 No. 22-1236                          United States v. Liggins                             Page 9


gives no license to a district court to prejudge the defendant’s guilt or otherwise dispose of the
case in any manner except through fair proceedings. And if Liggins was more persistent than
most defendants in pursuing his constitutional right to proceed to a jury trial on the merits, the
district judge had ample means available to him to rule on any issues Liggins raised and to keep
the proceedings on track.

         It is noteworthy that the district judge twice denied Liggins the opportunity to speak for
himself. The government is correct that district courts may require represented defendants to
communicate through counsel. See United States v. Cromer, 

, 681 n.12 (6th Cir.
2004) (“It is well settled that there is no constitutional right to hybrid representation.”).
However, the district court held this hearing on the motion of Liggins’ attorney to withdraw
based on a breakdown of his attorney-client relationship with Liggins. While Liggins was
technically represented at the time of the hearing because the district court had not yet granted
Arnone’s motion to withdraw, the district court was well aware that, in Liggins’ view, Arnone
was not providing effective representation. In his motion to withdraw, Arnone informed the
court that Liggins had requested to fire him on several occasions. Additionally, Liggins had
made a pro se filing purporting to give the court notice of the ineffective assistance of his
counsel and reporting a lack of communication from Arnone. In such a proceeding, where the
district court is tasked with considering a defendant’s request for new counsel, and determining
whether it is necessary and appropriate to release the present defense counsel from his obligation
of representing the defendant, the district court should hear from the defendant. In this case,
Liggins twice attempted to speak, and the district court refused both times, telling Liggins that if
Liggins spoke anymore, he would have him “hauled out of here.” Jan. 30, 2020 Hr’g Tr., R. 80,
Page ID #395. The district court abused its discretion by denying Liggins permission to speak
when he asked and by failing to provide any other time during the hearing for Liggins to be
heard.

         The district judge’s apology at the start of Liggins’ trial in October 2021 did not
adequately resolve the problem—given that Liggins’ trial commenced nearly two years after the
January 30, 2020 hearing at which the district judge had disparaged Liggins. During those two
years, Liggins had been represented by two additional attorneys and his trial date had been reset
 No. 22-1236                                United States v. Liggins                                       Page 10


five times by the district court. Throughout the court proceedings over that time period, Liggins
was most probably litigating under the impression that his case was being presided over by a
judge who had, for all intents and purposes, sided against him and expressed open hostility
toward him.

         When the district judge finally addressed the situation on October 19, 2021, the district
judge stated that he appreciated the “opportunity to clear up a few things that ha[d] been
bothering [him] for a few months.” Voir Dire Tr., R. 132, Page ID #881. However, the district
court did not need to wait for Liggins’ recusal motion to address this situation. The district court
had been in regular contact with the parties for pretrial proceedings, during which the court could
have addressed his prior remarks. The government attempts to blame Liggins for the delay
between the district judge’s remarks and the district court’s consideration of recusal. However,
the district court could have acted sua sponte to address the issue of recusal, or at least to
convene a hearing to discuss with the parties the need for recusal. The district court also relied
in part on the delay in denying the motion, as it noted that granting the motion would not serve
the “fair and efficient administrative adjudication of” Liggins’ case. 

 at Page ID #1064.
However, we find the responsibility for this delay lies with the district court, especially given
Liggins’ clear difficulty in communicating with his counsel.

         In denying Liggins’ recusal motion, the district judge assured Liggins that he would act
in a fair and impartial manner going forward, and Liggins alleges no instances of bias or
improper conduct by the district judge during the trial or sentencing proceedings. Nonetheless,
in considering the denial of a motion for recusal pursuant to 

, we do not look to
whether the district court made a sufficiently curative apology to the defendant in ruling on the
motion; rather, we consider whether recusal was warranted at the time that the defendant made
the motion.2 We determine that the district court abused its discretion in denying Liggins’
recusal motion because the district judge’s remarks at the hearing on January 30, 2020,
demonstrated “a deep-seated . . . antagonism that would make fair judgment impossible,” Liteky,

         2
          Liggins relies in part on the district judge’s comment during his ruling that he would “give Mr. Liggins the
same rights and opportunities here to demonstrate his innocence or lack of guilt as any other litigant.” Voir Dire Tr.,
R. 132, Page ID #1062–63. This comment misstates the legal standard for the burden of proof and bolsters Liggins’
position.
 No. 22-1236                           United States v. Liggins                            Page 11

, and therefore required recusal under 

. In this case, the risk of
undermining the public’s confidence in the judicial process is significant. Permitting Liggins’
judgment of conviction and sentence to remain in spite of the fact that § 455 warranted the
district judge’s disqualification would substantially undermine the public’s confidence in the
judicial process. Therefore, we vacate Liggins’ judgment of conviction and sentence and remand
for a new trial. On appeal, Liggins also challenged some of the district court’s evidentiary
rulings at trial. Because we remand for a new trial, we need not consider these evidentiary
issues.

                                           CONCLUSION

          Instead of maintaining the decorum essential to the administration of justice, the district
judge permitted himself to make personal and condemnatory remarks about the criminal
defendant before him. Such remarks are wholly incompatible with the fair administration of
justice. See Offutt, 

. Accordingly, we VACATE the district court’s judgment of
conviction and sentence, and REMAND for a new trial.

          Because we have determined that the district judge’s remarks in Liggins’ case “make fair
judgment impossible,” Liteky, 

, we order that this case be reassigned to another
district judge on remand, pursuant to 

.