United States v. Petrus

OPINION

Defendant-Appellant Wasem Petrus (“Defendant”) challenges the 70-month sentenced imposed by the district court following his guilty plea to a charge of conspiring to possess with intent to distribute and to distribute methylenedioxymethamphetamine (“MDMA”). Defendant contends that his sentence is procedurally unreasonable because the district judge failed to adequately explain her apparent rejection of Defendant’s arguments for leniency, failed to adequately explain how she selected the sentence imposed, and failed to give proper weight to facts and circumstances suggesting a lesser penalty. For the reasons that follow, we hereby AFFIRM the sentence imposed by the district court.

I. Background

Defendant was charged in a one-count indictment returned July 20, 2007 in the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Michigan for conspiring to possess with intent to distribute and distribute MDMA in violation of 21 U.S.C. § § 841(a)(1) and 846. Defendant pleaded guilty to the charge on November 13, 2007, and a sentencing hearing was held on May 20, 2008.

At the sentencing hearing, Defendant’s counsel urged the district court to consider the fact that Defendant had been born in Iraq and that his family fled as refugees when Defendant was a young child. According to Defendant’s counsel, due to his parents’ poor health, Defendant has “been the man of his family” since a very young age, having dropped out of school after the tenth grade to help support his family. (Sentencing Tr. at 4.) Defendant’s counsel asked the Court to “take into account [Defendant’s] personal circumstances, including the fact that he takes care of his family.” (Id. at 6.) He pointed out that Defendant is “not a person [who has] supported himself as a drug dealer” or who has “ever been successful as a drug dealer,” but rather “took advantage of an economic opportunity” presented by a coworker. (Id. at 6.)

In his sentencing memorandum, Defendant also asserted that “[his] family was forced to flee Iraq. He has no family there and there is no society or government which will embrace him or protect him.” (Def.’s Sentencing Mem., ROA V.l at 16.) Defendant contended that “[t]he profound immigration consequences he faces take his case very far from the heartland of cases anticipated by the ... Guidelines and warrant a sentence greatly below the recommended sentence.” (Id. at 16.)

Counsel also suggested that, due to Defendant’s non-citizen status, his conviction may subject him to possible deportation to Iraq, “a war zone” and “someplace that is [no longer the] country his family had to flee as refugees.” (Sentencing Tr. 7.) Counsel for the government responded that the government currently is “not deporting to Iraq ... and probably won’t for some years in the future.” (Id. at 8.)

*351After listening to the above statements, the district court calculated the applicable Guideline range to be 70-87 months based on an Offense Level of 27 and Criminal History Category of one. The court listed several factors under 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a) to which Defendant’s counsel had directed the court: Defendant’s background as an Iraqi refugee, the fact that he dropped out of school and has worked since a young age to care for disabled parents, the fact that Defendant’s legal problems stem from relationships developed while he was working, his recent marriage, and the risk of “severely adverse immigration action.” (Sentencing Tr. 10.) The court then listed the general statutory factors under § 3553(a) and acknowledged that the court must also “consider the kinds of sentences available, the Guideline range, the Guidelines generally, the need to avoid unwarranted ... disparities ... and the need to ... provide restitution to victims.” (Id. at 10.)

The court stated that as it “eonsider[s] generally those factors or those facts about [Defendant’s] life that he wishes the Court to take into account, the Court also takes into account that in arriving at these Guidelines, [Defendant’s] lack of criminal history was taken into account because he received the benefit of a reduction under what we call the safety valve.” (Sentencing Tr. 11.) The court noted that it had also considered the fact that Defendant was involved in a “very serious offense” and that credible evidence documented his role as a distributor. (Id. at 11.) The relevant conduct attributed to Defendant included 8,125 MDMA pills, equivalent under Sentencing Guideline 2D 1.1(c) to over one million kilograms of marijuana.

The court acknowledged that an otherwise similar offender in the conspiracy, Jeny Maqi, had received an “extremely lenient” sentence partly due to the “vast” extent of her cooperation with the government and the “extraordinary and exceptional” amount of information she had provided. (Sentencing Tr. 11.) The court stated that it understood Defendant’s assertion that “by the time [Defendant] came in there wasn’t any information that he had to provide,” noted that the court did not know whether this was true, but found a “vast distinction between [Defendant] and Miss [Maqi] because of the nature of her cooperation.” (Id. at 11.)

The court stated that it “certainly is mindful” that it could consider Defendant’s immigration status. (Sentencing Tr. 12.) The district court then sentenced Defendant to serve a term of 70 months in custody followed by three years of supervised release.

On May 29, 2008, Defendant filed this timely appeal.

II. Standard of Review

We review a district court’s sentencing determination for reasonableness under a “deferential abuse-of-discretion standard.” United States v. Bolds, 511 F.3d 568, 578 (6th Cir.2007) (quoting Gall v. United States, 552 U.S. 38, 128 S.Ct. 586, 591, 169 L.Ed.2d 445 (2007); Rita v. United States, 551 U.S. 338, 127 S.Ct. 2456, 2459, 168 L.Ed.2d 203 (2007); United States v. Booker, 543 U.S. 220, 260-61, 125 S.Ct. 738, 160 L.Ed.2d 621 (2005)). This standard has two components: procedural and substantive. Id., 511 F.3d at 578 (citing Gall, 128 S.Ct. at 597).

A. Procedural Reasonableness Review

Our procedural reasonableness review consists of three steps. We must ensure that the district court (1) properly calculated the applicable advisory Guidelines range; (2) considered the § 3553(a) factors as well as the parties’ arguments for a sentence outside the Guidelines *352range; and (3) adequately articulated its reasoning for imposing the chosen sentence, including any rejection of the parties’ arguments for an outside-Guidelines sentence and any decision to deviate from the advisory Guidelines range. Bolds, 511 F.3d at 581.

“First, we must ensure that the district court ‘correctly calculated] the applicable Guidelines range’ which are ‘the starting point and initial benchmark’ of its sentencing analysis.” Bolds, 511 F.3d at 579 (quoting Gall, 128 S.Ct. at 591). In reviewing the district court’s calculation of the Guidelines, we still review the district court’s factual findings for clear error and its legal conclusions de novo. Id., 511 F.3d at 579 (citing United States v. Lalonde, 509 F.3d 750, 763 (6th Cir.2007)).

Second, we must ensure that the district judge gave both parties an opportunity “ ‘to argue for whatever sentence they deem appropriate’ and then ‘considered all of the § 3553(a) factors to determine whether they support the sentence requested by [each] party.’ ” Bolds, 511 F.3d at 579-80 (quoting Gall, 128 S.Ct. at 596). “In evaluating the parties’ arguments, the sentencing judge ‘may not presume that the Guidelines range is reasonable,’ ” but rather “ ‘must make an individualized assessment based on the facts presented’ and upon a thorough consideration of all of the § 3553(a) factors.” Id., 511 F.3d at 580 (quoting Gall, 128 S.Ct. at 596-97; Rita, 127 S.Ct. at 2465).

Finally, we must “ensure that the district court has ‘adequately explained] the chosen sentence to allow for meaningful appellate review and to promote the perception of fair sentencing.’ ” Bolds, 511 F.3d at 580 (quoting Gall, 128 S.Ct. at 597). “Reversible procedural error occurs if the sentencing judge fails to ‘set forth enough [of a statement of reasons] to satisfy the appellate court that he has considered the parties’ arguments and has a reasoned basis for exercising his own legal decision making authority.’ ” Id., 511 F.3d at 580 (emphasis added) (quoting Rita, 127 S.Ct. at 2468).

It is “not incumbent on the District Judge to raise every conceivably relevant issue on his own initiative.” Gall, 128 S.Ct. at 599. However, if a defendant raises a particular argument in support of a lower sentence, the record must reflect that the district judge both considered the defendant’s argument and explained the basis for rejecting it. Bolds, 511 F.3d at 580 (citing United States v. Jones, 489 F.3d 243, 251 (6th Cir.2007)). See also Rita, 127 S.Ct. at 2468 (“Where the defendant ... presents nonfrivolous reasons for imposing a different sentence ... the judge will normally go further and explain why he has rejected those arguments. Sometimes the circumstances will call for a brief explanation; sometimes they will call for a lengthier explanation.”).

We have held that “a district court’s failure to address each argument [of the defendant] head-on will not lead to automatic vacatur” if the context and the record make the court’s reasoning clear. United States v. Smith, 505 F.3d 463, 468 (6th Cir.2007) (quoting United States v. Liou, 491 F.3d 334, 339 n. 4 (6th Cir.2007)). See also United States v. Duane, 533 F.3d 441, 452 (6th Cir.2008); Vonner, 516 F.3d at 386, 387; United States v. Keller, 498 F.3d 316, 327-28 (6th Cir.2007). In this Court’s recent unpublished decision in United States v. Herrod, No. 07-2197, 2009 WL 2514047, *5-10, 2009 U.S.App. Lexis 18763, *14-28 (6th Cir.2009), Judge Clay wrote separately “to emphasize that sentencing judges are responsible for providing an adequate record for appeal.” He noted:

*353Our case law imposes this obligation on district courts for reasons of fairness and practicality. From every perspective, it is preferable for district courts to explicitly address every nonfrivolous argument raised by a defendant. Expressly articulating the grounds for rejecting the particular claims raised by a defendant, at least with respect to a defendant’s nonfrivolous arguments, promotes several critical goals: (1) it provides the defendant with a clear understanding of the basis for his or her sentence; (2) it allows the public to understand the rationale underlying the chosen sentence; and (3) it helps this Court avoid the difficulties of parsing the sentencing transcript when determining whether the district court in fact considered the defendant’s arguments. In fact, if district courts fully complied with this obligation, many frivolous appeals and clarification remands could be avoided.

Herrod, 2009 WL 2514047, at *5, 2009 U.S.App. Lexis 18763 at *14 (Clay, J., concurring). We agree with Judge Clay that “the better practice ... is for the district court to explicitly address all of the nonfrivolous arguments that a defendant raises in support of a lower sentence.” Id., 2009 WL 2514047 at *8, 2009 U.S.App. Lexis 18763 at *22-23 (Clay, J., concurring).

The record also “must contain the district court’s rationale for concluding that the sentence imposed is ‘sufficient but not greater than necessary, to comply with the purposes’ of sentencing set forth in 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a).” Bolds, 511 F.3d at 580. While the district court need not “engage in a ‘ritualistic incantation to establish consideration of a legal issue’ ” or “make specific findings related to each of the factors considered,” the district court must articulate the reasons it reached the sentence imposed. Id., 511 F.3d at 580 (citing United States v. McClellan, 164 F.3d 308, 310 (1999); United States v. Jackson, 408 F.3d 301, 305 (6th Cir.2005)). It is insufficient simply to list the § 3553(a) factors and the defendant’s various characteristics. Id., 511 F.3d at 580 (citing United States v. Cousins, 469 F.3d 572, 577 (6th Cir.2006)). Rather, “[t]he district court must provide a clear explanation of why it has either accepted or rejected the parties’ arguments and thereby chosen the particular sentence imposed, regardless of whether it is within or outside of the Guidelines.” Id., 511 F.3d at 580 (citing Gall, 128 S.Ct. at 597).

B. Substantive Reasonableness Review

If we have found the district court’s sentencing decision to be procedurally sound, we must “then consider the substantive reasonableness of the sentence imposed under an abuse-of-discretion standard.” Bolds, 511 F.3d at 581 (quoting Gall, 128 S.Ct. at 597). In reviewing for substantive reasonableness, we must “take into account the totality of the circumstances, including the extent of any variance from the Guidelines range.” Id., 511 F.3d at 581 (quoting Gall, 128 S.Ct. at 597). For sentences within the Guidelines, we may apply a rebuttable presumption of substantive reasonableness. Id., 511 F.3d at 581 (citing Gall, 128 S.Ct. at 597; Rita, 127 S.Ct. at 2456; United States v. Williams, 436 F.3d 706, 708 (6th Cir.2006)). We may not, however, apply a presumption of unreasonableness to outside-Guidelines sentences. Id., 511 F.3d at 581 (citing Gall, 128 S.Ct. at 597). In general, we must give “due deference” to the district court’s conclusion that the sentence imposed is warranted by the § 3553(a) factors. Id., 511 F.3d at 581 (citing Gall, 128 S.Ct. at 597). “The fact that [we] might have reasonably concluded that a different sentence was appropriate is insufficient to justify reversal of the *354district court.” Id., 511 F.3d at 581 (quoting Gall, 128 S.Ct. at 597).

III. Discussion

A. Procedural Reasonableness

Defendant contends that his 70-month sentence is procedurally unreasonable because the district judge “failed to adequately explain her apparent rejection of the defendant’s arguments for leniency,” or to explain “how she selected the sentence which she did,” and because the judge “failed to give proper weight to facts and circumstances suggesting a lesser penalty.” (Def.’s Br. 3.)

As discussed above, we review the district court’s decision for procedural reasonableness in three steps, ensuring that the district court: (1) properly calculated the Guidelines range; (2) considered the other § 3553(a) factors and the parties’ arguments; and (3) adequately articulated its reasoning for imposing the chosen sentence, including any rejection of the parties’ arguments. Bolds, 511 F.3d at 581. We find that the district court satisfied these requirements.

First, Defendant does not dispute that the district court properly calculated the applicable advisory Guidelines range to be 70-87 months based on an Offense Level of 27 and Criminal History Category of I.

Second, the record shows that the district court gave both parties “the opportunity to argue for whatever sentence they deem appropriate” and made an individualized assessment based on the facts and upon a thorough consideration of all of the § 3553(a) factors. It is undisputed, and the sentencing hearing transcript shows, that the court provided an opportunity for Defendant and the government to speak in support of whatever sentence they deemed appropriate. The record also shows that the district court made an individualized assessment based upon all of the § 3553(a) factors as well as those facts and circumstances brought to light by the parties.

Before announcing the sentence, the court listed both the general § 3553(a) factors and the considerations discussed by Defendant’s counsel. The court noted that as it considered all of those factors, it also considered the serious nature of Defendant’s offense and the fact that Defendant’s lack of a criminal history was taken into account under the “safety valve” of 18 U.S.C. § 3553(f). The court acknowledged that Defendant faced potential deportation as a result of the conviction. The court also explained why it imposed a harsher sentence on Defendant than that imposed on a coconspirator who had provided the government with an “extraordinary and exceptional” amount of information.

Finally, we find that the district court adequately explained the sentence imposed, and that the court “considered the parties’ arguments and has a reasoned basis” for selecting the sentence imposed. The record reflects that the district court considered Defendant’s arguments and explained the basis for rejecting them, as described above.

Defendant contends that “the record does not tell us” “[w]hat impact ... the defense arguments regarding the hardships of [Defendant’s] life, his service to his family, the burden of his deportability, or the harshness of the Guidelines’ treatment of his situational wrongdoing [had] on [the court’s] thinking.” (Def.’s Br. 23.) Having acknowledged the parties’ arguments and articulated its reasons for imposing a particular sentence, however, the district court was not obligated to discuss extensively each consideration.

In a recent case, we found that “[a]l-though the district judge did not articulate his reasons for rejecting [the defendant’s] arguments, his reasoning was ‘sufficiently *355detailed to reflect the considerations listed in § 3553(a) and to allow for meaningful appellate review.’ ” United States v. Lap-sins, 570 F.3d 758, 773 (6th Cir.2009) (applying the plain error rule under Bostic, 371 F.3d 865) (quoting United States v. Mayberry, 540 F.3d 506, 518 (6th Cir.2008)). Noting that “[t]he district court is not required to ‘give the reasons for rejecting any and all arguments [made] by the parties for alternative sentences,’ ” we held that “[i]t is sufficient if the district judge ‘set[s] forth enough to satisfy the appellate court that he has considered the parties’ arguments and has a reasoned basis for exercising his own legal decision-making authority.’ ” Id., 570 F.3d at 773 (citing Vonner, 516 F.3d at 387; Rita, 551 U.S. at 356, 127 S.Ct. 2456; United States v. Moon, 513 F.3d 527, 539 (6th Cir.2008); United States v. Gale, 468 F.3d 929, 940 (6th Cir.2006)). This Court explained that “[a] less lengthy explanation will suffice for a within-Guidelines sentence when ‘the record makes clear that the sentencing judge considered the [defendant’s] evidence and arguments.’ ” Id., 570 F.3d at 774 (citing Rita, 551 U.S. at 359, 127 S.Ct. 2456). We noted that “[although the district court did not specifically respond to [the defendant’s] arguments about his remorse, family support, substance abuse problems, and willingness to undergo counseling, these matters are encompassed within § 3553(a)(1),” which the district court stated that it had considered. Id., 570 F.3d at 774.

Here, as in Lapsins, the district court might have said more during the sentencing hearing. The best practice, as Judge Clay has said, “is for the district court to explicitly address all of the non-frivolous arguments that a defendant raises in support of a lower sentence.” Herrod, 2009 WL 2514047 at *8, 2009 U.S.App. Lexis 18763 at *22-23 (Clay, J., concurring). In this case, however, the district court’s brevity does not constitute reversible error. The court explained its decision by discussing the considerations the court considered most important. As the Supreme Court has held:

We acknowledge that the judge might have said more. [She] might have added explicitly that [she] had heard and considered the evidence and argument; that (as no one before [the court] denied) [she] thought the Commission in the Guidelines had determined a sentence that was proper in the mine run of roughly similar ... cases; and that [she] found that [the defendant’s] personal circumstances here were simply not different enough to warrant a different sentence. But context and the record make clear that this, or similar, reasoning underlies the judge’s conclusion. Where a matter is as conceptually simple as in the case at hand and the record makes clear that the sentencing judge considered the evidence and arguments, we do not believe the law requires the judge to write more extensively.

Rita v. United States, 551 U.S. 338, 359, 127 S.Ct. 2456, 168 L.Ed.2d 203 (2007).

The dissent maintains that the district court did not adequately explain its reasons in rejecting the arguments advanced by Defendant in favor of mitigation. The first position advanced by Petrus relates to his status as a non-citizen, lawfully in the country at the time of conviction. The second argument focused upon the much lower sentences given to co-conspirators and the court’s refusal to And that Petrus rendered substantial assistance to the government. While each of these arguments could have been addressed with more detailed rationales, the record discloses that the district court considered and rejected the Defendant’s position.

*356As to his immigration status, the district court expressly acknowledged that Petrus faced “severely adverse immigration status,” yet sentenced him at the low end of the sentencing guideline range. We agree with our dissenting colleague that the district court perhaps should have said more. It is worth noting, however, that in the post-Booker era, the Defendant’s immigration status could lead a sentencing court to two opposite conclusions, one being that potential deportation and fewer prison opportunities should be a reason for a downward variance. Conversely, the other conclusion could be that a person granted the benefit of entry to the country should be subject to an upward variance for abusing the privilege. In different factual contexts, either approach is within the discretion of the sentencing court. In this case, the district court emphasized the serious nature of Petrus’ conduct and did not find that his immigration status sufficiently mitigated his crime. The record discloses that the district court understood Petrus’ argument, considered the merits, and rejected the position.

As to the sentences given to his co-conspirators, the record is clear that, unlike Petrus, each of the other defendants cooperated with the government and received the benefit of a motion for a downward departure under U.S.S.G. § 5K1.1. Co-conspirator Jeny Maqi faced a sentencing guideline range of 121-151 months. The district court granted the 5K1.1 motion and did not impose incarceration, given her “extraordinary and exceptional” amount of assistance to the government.

The dissent states that Petrus “was willing and able to co-operate with the government” but, because he waited until all others had rendered assistance, he was denied a 5K1.1 motion. As to the sentencing guidelines, this Court is without authority to review a decision by the government not to file a 5K1.1 motion, unless a defendant alleges and supports a claim that the refusal to file was based upon an unconstitutional, prosecutive motive. Wade v. United States, 504 U.S. 181, 112 S.Ct. 1840, 1844, 118 L.Ed.2d 524 (1992); United States v. Blue, 557 F.3d 682 (6th Cir.2009). A district court may, in its discretion, consider whether a defendant’s cooperation should be considered under 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a). Blue, at 686. Thus, whether to treat Petrus’ alleged willingness to cooperate as a 3553(a) mitigating factor is a decision subject to the discretion of the sentencing court. A defendant who offers to cooperate only after all other co-conspirators have rendered assistance to the government gives little value to prosecutors. While the fact that the defendant may have been willing to cooperate may seem significant, the cooperation was apparently offered only after Petrus knew his co-conspirators had rendered assistance to the government. Offering to tell the government what it already knows and can prove is not substantial assistance. Moreover, the first person to cooperate often incurs significant risk of retaliation, which is not the case for a person coming in at the end.

The dissent is certainly correct that a district court should articulate its reasoning in rejecting a defendant’s argument in favor of mitigation. Here, the district judge addressed every position advanced by the Defendant, albeit in a bare-bone fashion. In sum, although the district court in this case “might have said more,” Rita, 551 U.S. at 359, 127 S.Ct. 2456, the law does not require it. We find that the court did not commit any significant procedural error in imposing Defendant’s sentence and that the sentence was procedurally reasonable.

*357B. Substantive Reasonableness

Although Defendant does not appear to appeal his sentence on the basis of substantive reasonableness, he raises the issue tangentially by contending that “the district judge ... failed to give proper weight to facts and circumstances suggesting a lesser penalty.” (Def.’s Br. 3.) Defendant “continues to maintain” that his sentence is substantively unreasonable, asserting that the court’s approach to sentencing was “overly tethered to the Guidelines ... and inconsistent with proper post-Booker methodology.” (Def.’s Br. 27, 34.)

Defendant asserts that his arguments “are framed in terms of procedural ‘reasonableness’ because procedural sufficiency in the sentencing decision — including a sufficient record to permit substantive evaluation — is a necessary precondition to substantive review.” (Def.’s Br. 32-33; see also Def.’s Reply Br. 2 (noting that the presumption of reasonableness applies only to substantive review, and “it is to the procedural ‘unreasonableness’ of the trial judge’s sentencing decision that defendant-appellant’s arguments are addressed”).)

Because Defendant raises the issue of substantive reasonableness, albeit indirectly, this Court should address it. To the extent that Defendant contends that his sentence is substantively unreasonable, we disagree. Because Defendant’s sentence is within the Guidelines, it is entitled to a rebuttable presumption of substantive reasonableness, and we give due deference to the district court’s conclusion that the sentence is warranted by the § 3553(a) factors. Bolds, 511 F.3d at 581 (citing Gall, 128 S.Ct. at 597). Considering the totality of the circumstances, id., including the Guidelines, the § 3553(a) factors, the nature of the offense, Defendant’s family situation, his immigration status, Defendant’s lack of a criminal history, and his asserted attempt to cooperate with the government; we find that the 70-month sentence is substantively reasonable.

IV. Conclusion

For the foregoing reasons, the sentence imposed by the district court is hereby AFFIRMED.