United States v. Kelvin Brown

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                                              PUBLISHED

                               UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                   FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT


                                               No. 21-7752


        UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

                            Plaintiff - Appellee,

                     v.

        KELVIN BROWN, a/k/a Doom,

                            Defendant - Appellant.


        Appeal from the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia, at
        Newport News. Robert G. Doumar, Senior District Judge. (4:13-cr-00110-RGD-TEM-4)


        Argued: May 3, 2023                                            Decided: August 16, 2023


        Before GREGORY, THACKER, and QUATTLEBAUM, Circuit Judges.


        Reversed and remanded with instructions by published opinion. Judge Gregory wrote the
        opinion, in which Judge Thacker joined. Judge Quattlebaum wrote a dissenting opinion.


        ARGUED: Brandon J. Brown, GEORGETOWN UNIVERSITY LAW CENTER,
        Washington, D.C., for Appellant. Joseph Attias, OFFICE OF THE UNITED STATES
        ATTORNEY, Richmond, Virginia, for Appellee. ON BRIEF: Erica Hashimoto, Director,
        Tiffany Yang, Supervising Attorney, Lyric Elizabeth Perot, Student Counsel, Jennifer Simon,
        Student Counsel, Appellate Litigation Program, GEORGETOWN UNIVERSITY LAW
        CENTER, Washington, D.C., for Appellant. Jessica D. Aber, United States Attorney,
        Richmond, Virginia, Grace Bowen, Special Assistant United States Attorney, Peter G. Osyf,
        Assistant United States Attorney, OFFICE OF THE UNITED STATES ATTORNEY,
        Newport News, Virginia, for Appellee.
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        GREGORY, Circuit Judge:

               On July 30, 2014, a jury convicted Kelvin Brown on seven counts, including two

        counts of possessing a firearm in furtherance of a drug trafficking crime in violation of 

(c). At the time of Brown’s sentencing, his two § 924(c) convictions carried

        a five- and twenty-five-year mandatory minimum sentence, respectively. The district court

        thus sentenced Brown to thirty years in prison for his § 924(c) convictions, and, together

        with his other five convictions, to fifty-seven years’ imprisonment total.

               In July 2020, Brown moved for compassionate release pursuant to 

(c)(1)(A). Brown primarily argued that his release was warranted because he was at

        risk of serious illness from COVID-19 and because, under the First Step Act’s amendment

        to § 924(c) sentencing, he would only be subject to a combined ten-year mandatory

        minimum for his two § 924(c) convictions if sentenced today. The district court twice denied

        Brown’s motion, each time without addressing the disparity between his § 924(c) sentence

        and the much shorter mandatory minimums the First Step Act now prescribes.

               We hold that the district court abused its discretion by denying Brown’s motion

        because his disparate sentence creates an “extraordinary and compelling reason” for his

        early release, and the § 3553(a) sentencing factors overwhelmingly favor a sentence

        reduction. We therefore reverse and remand with instructions to rectify that disparity and

        reduce Brown’s prison sentence by twenty years.




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                                                     I.

               On May 12, 2014, a grand jury indicted Kelvin Brown and one of his co-defendants

        in a twelve-count superseding indictment. 1 The indictment charged Brown with eight

        counts: drug conspiracy in violation of 

 (Count One); distribution of

        cocaine in violation of 

(a)(1) & (b)(1)(C) (Counts Six and Eight);

        distribution and possession with intent to distribute twenty-eight grams or more of cocaine

        base in violation of 

(a)(1) & (b)(1)(B)(iii) (Count Seven); possession of a

        firearm in furtherance of a drug trafficking crime in violation of 

(c) (Counts

        Nine and Eleven); possession with intent to distribute cocaine in violation of 

(a)(1) & (b)(1)(C) (Count Ten); and felon in possession of a firearm in violation of

        

(g)(1) (Count Twelve).

               Brown elected to represent himself at trial “with the assistance of appointed stand-by

        counsel.” Brown v. United States, No. 4:17-CV-72, 

, at *1 (E.D. Va. Sept.

        4, 2018). The jury ultimately found Brown guilty on all counts except Count Seven. The

        district court sentenced Brown, then thirty-four years old, to 327 months’ imprisonment on

        Count One, sixty months’ imprisonment on Counts Six, Eight, and Ten (to run concurrently

        with Count One), 120 months’ imprisonment on Count Twelve (to run concurrently with

        Count One), and 360 months’ imprisonment on Counts Nine and Eleven (to run consecutively

        with Count One), for a total term of 687 months—or roughly fifty-seven years—in prison.

        Additionally, the court sentenced Brown to a term of five years of supervised release.


               Brown was charged with Count One and Counts Six through Twelve, and his co-
               1

        defendant was charged with Counts One through Five.
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               The district court imposed the 360-month sentence for Counts Nine and Eleven

        because § 924(c) prescribes a five-year mandatory minimum for possessing a firearm

        during and in relation to a drug trafficking crime, 

(c)(1)(A)(i), and a

        consecutive twenty-five-year mandatory minimum for a subsequent violation of § 924(c),

        

(c)(1)(C)(i). At the time of Brown’s sentencing, “a conviction was treated

        as second or subsequent, triggering the 25-year minimum sentence, even if the first

        § 924(c) conviction was obtained in the same case.” United States v. McCoy, 

 (4th Cir. 2020) (internal quotation marks omitted). Brown was thus subject to a

        five-year mandatory minimum for his first § 924(c) conviction (Count Nine), and a twenty-

        five-year mandatory minimum for his second § 924(c) conviction (Count Eleven).

               Brown filed a direct appeal, and this Court affirmed his conviction in January 2016.

        United States v. Brown, 

 (4th Cir. 2016).


                                                    II.

               On July 10, 2020, Brown, who was then forty years old, filed a pro se motion for

        compassionate release (“Letter Motion”) with the district court. In his motion, Brown

        argued that his preexisting conditions, including bronchitis, sleep apnea, narcolepsy, high

        blood pressure, esophageal reflux disorder, pre-diabetes, and obesity, place him in “a

        greater danger of contracting and possibly dying from the complications that accompany

        the COVID-19 virus.” J.A. 62. Brown discussed the anxiety he was experiencing based

        on his heightened risk of contracting the virus in prison and highlighted the harsh prison

        conditions imposed by COVID-related lockdowns. In addition to his pandemic-related


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        arguments, Brown pointed out that he is serving a disparate sentence, which supports his

        early release. That is, because the First Step Act “clarif[ied] that the 25-year mandatory

        minimum” for a subsequent § 924(c) offense “applies only when a prior § 924(c)

        conviction arises from a separate case and already has become final,” McCoy, 

 (internal quotation marks omitted), Brown would be subject to two five-year

        mandatory minimums, rather than a five-year and a twenty-five-year mandatory minimum,

        if sentenced for his two § 924(c) offenses today.

               Brown also highlighted the steps he has taken to rehabilitate since he was sentenced.

        While incarcerated, Brown has taken classes on Microsoft Office, drug abuse, anger

        management, criminal thinking, leadership, and other adult continuing education courses.

        Further, Brown worked as a tutor to help his fellow inmates attain their GEDs, taught multiple

        adult continuing education classes, and worked as the head library clerk. Brown also

        expressed a desire to contribute to both his family and his larger community. He stated that

        he needed to be home to care for his mother, who had recently undergone surgery, his

        eighteen- and twenty-year-old daughters, and his six-year-old son, who struggles with mental

        health issues. Brown further explained that, if released, he had plans to live with his aunt and

        pursue employment and volunteer opportunities that his brother had already lined up for him.

               On July 16, 2020, without requesting a response from the government, the district

        court denied Brown’s motion. The court first held that Brown’s “Letter Motion fails to

        establish that [he] has complied with the procedural requirements of 

(c)”

        because there was “no evidence” that Brown “exhausted his administrative remedies or

        that thirty (30) days have passed without action since his request to the warden for a

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        compassionate release.”      J.A. 84.   Moreover, even if it were to waive § 3582(c)’s

        exhaustion requirement, the court held that Brown’s motion would fail because he did “not

        present extraordinary and compelling reasons to grant his Letter Motion.” J.A. 84–85. The

        district court reasoned that, while Brown expressed concerns about COVID-19, his medical

        conditions, including “bronchitis, severe sleep apnea, narcolepsy, high-blood pressure,

        esophageal reflux disorder, and pre-diabetes[,] simply do not rise to the requisite level of

        extraordinary and compelling.” J.A. 85.

               Brown appealed, and we vacated the district court’s decision and remanded because

        “the district court abused its discretion in denying Brown’s motion without expressly

        evaluating” “Brown’s alleged obesity in its analysis of whether his preexisting medical

        conditions, considered within the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, satisfied the

        ‘extraordinary and compelling’ standard in § 3582(c)(1)(A)(i).” United States v. Brown,

        No. 20-7095, 

, at *2 (4th Cir. Sept. 29, 2021) (unpublished). In a

        footnote, we also noted that our decision in McCoy “is relevant to this case in that, there,

        we recognized that the district courts permissibly treated as extraordinary and compelling

        reasons for compassionate release the severity of the defendants’ § 924(c) sentences and

        the extent of the disparity between the defendants’ sentences and those provided for under

        the First Step Act.” Id. at *2 n.4 (cleaned up) (quoting McCoy, 

).

               On remand, the district court directed the government to respond to Brown’s motion.

        Brown filed a Supplemental Motion, which, in relevant part, fleshed out his argument that

        his disparate § 924(c) sentence should be considered an “extraordinary and compelling

        reason” for his release. Brown also requested the appointment of counsel. In its response

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        brief, the government argued that Brown’s motion failed because Brown did not properly

        exhaust his administrative remedies. In the alternative, the government contended that

        Brown could not show “extraordinary and compelling reasons” for his release—in part

        because he declined to be vaccinated—or that the § 3553(a) factors favor a sentence

        reduction. In his reply, Brown stated that he had a right to refuse the vaccine and explained

        that he questioned the vaccine’s efficacy. He also noted that he had accrued only one

        disciplinary infraction during his incarceration for defending himself from an assault.

               On December 2, 2021, the district court denied Brown’s Letter Motion, Supplemental

        Motion, and motion for counsel. Before assessing the merits, the court stated that Brown

        failed to establish that he “complied with the procedural requirements of 

(c)” because he did not show that he exhausted his administrative remedies or that

        thirty days had passed without action since his request to the warden for compassionate

        release. J.A. 130. However, the court noted that exhaustion “is a claims-processing rule

        subject to waiver if not raised by the Government,” and held that it would “proceed to assess

        the merits of” Brown’s claims raised in his Letter Motion, but that exhaustion was not waived

        as to the claims in Brown’s Supplemental Motion. J.A. 130–31.

               Addressing Brown’s Letter Motion, the district court began by stating that “[i]n the

        context of the COVID-19 outbreak, courts have found extraordinary and compelling

        reasons for compassionate release when an inmate shows both a particularized

        susceptibility to the disease and a particularized risk of contracting the disease at his prison

        facility.” J.A. 131 (citation omitted). The court recognized that Brown’s obesity “is a

        significant fact that puts him at increased risk of a severe COVID-19 infection,” but found

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        that “significant factors also mitigate against a finding of extraordinary and compelling

        reasons.” J.A. 132. Namely, the court focused on the fact that Brown declined the Pfizer-

        BioNTech vaccine. According to the court, “[w]hile Defendant certainly has a personal

        right to refuse vaccination, ‘he cannot simultaneously claim that he must be released

        because of the risk of complications while refusing a vaccine that could virtually eliminate

        that risk.’” J.A. 132 (citation omitted).

               The district court further found that Brown could not prove that he has a particularized

        risk of contracting COVID-19 at his prison facility because, as of the district court’s decision,

        the facility where Brown was incarcerated had zero confirmed cases of the virus among

        inmates and only one case among staff. Moreover, the court reasoned that any transmission

        would be mitigated by the high vaccination rate at that facility, and that Brown’s high blood

        pressure and obesity are “common chronic conditions that [Brown’s] facility can help

        manage.” J.A. 133. Accordingly, the court found no “extraordinary and compelling reason”

        for Brown’s release “based on his alleged susceptibility to COVID-19.” J.A. 134.

               Next, the district court found that there was “no proof [Brown] brought” his claims

        in the Supplemental Motion (including, as relevant here, that the stacking of his § 924(c)

        sentences warrants his release) “before the BOP,” and reiterated that the government had

        “not waived its exhaustion argument as to the Supplemental Motion.” J.A. 134. While the

        court noted that it is “empowered to waive exhaustion requirements,” it held that even if it

        “were to waive exhaustion, the § 3553(a) factors here do not support early release.” J.A.

        134–35. Before addressing the factors, the court stated that it “carefully weighed [them]

        at sentencing, imposing a sentence that reflected the seriousness of the offense among other

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        factors, including Defendant’s self-representation at trial,” and imposed a within-

        guidelines sentence. J.A. 135. The court then assessed the factors in one paragraph:

               Defendant has had a troubled past with a criminal history category of V,
               reflecting a criminal history that has gotten worse leading up to the offenses
               for which Defendant was convicted.             Defendant has only served
               approximately 11% of his sentence at this time, which would not serve to
               deter other[s] from similar activity, which involved large scale drug
               distribution . . . for over a decade. Finally, Defendant’s multiple firearms
               convictions suggest to the Court that community safety would be harmed by
               Defendant’s early release. The Court appreciates Defendant’s service while
               imprisoned, including his work in the library and as a GED tutor. However,
               the Court cannot say a reconsideration of the § 3553(a) factors would lead to
               a different result than arrived at during Defendant’s sentencing.

        J.A. 135–36 (citation omitted). The court thus concluded that “the § 3553(a) factors do not

        support [Brown’s] release” and denied his motions. J.A. 136. This appeal followed.


                                                     III.

               This Court reviews the denial of compassionate release motions pursuant to 

(c)(1)(A) for an abuse of discretion. United States v. Kibble, 

 (4th

        Cir. 2021). “In doing so, we ensure that the district court has not acted arbitrarily or

        irrationally, has followed the statutory requirements, and has conducted the necessary analysis

        for exercising its discretion.” United States v. High, 

 (4th Cir. 2021).


                                                     IV.

               As a general matter, a sentencing court “may not modify a term of imprisonment

        once it has been imposed.” 

(c). However, Congress created an exception

        to that general rule when “extraordinary and compelling reasons warrant such a reduction.”

        § 3582(c)(1)(A)(i). “For many years, district courts could reduce a term of imprisonment

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        on that ground only ‘upon motion of the Director of the Bureau of Prisons.’” High, 

 (quoting 

(c)(1)(A) (2002)). But in 2018, Congress passed the

        First Step Act, which “permits incarcerated defendants to file motions for compassionate

        release directly with the district court, provided they have fully exhausted their

        administrative remedies.” United States v. Malone, 

 (4th Cir. 2023).

               “To grant [] a compassionate release motion, the district court must conclude that

        the . . . prisoner is eligible for a sentence reduction because he has shown ‘extraordinary

        and compelling reasons’ supporting relief,” and “that release is appropriate under the 

(a) sentencing factors, to the extent those factors are applicable.” United

        States v. Bethea, 

 (4th Cir. 2022). Here, the district court found that

        Brown’s “health and alleged susceptibility to COVID-19 do[] not present extraordinary

        and compelling reasons to grant his Letter Motion,” J.A. 131, and declined to consider

        whether Brown’s disparate § 924(c) sentence constitutes an “extraordinary and compelling

        reason” for a sentence reduction because Brown failed to exhaust that claim. In the

        alternative, the court held that the § 3553(a) factors do not support Brown’s release.

        Brown’s challenges to this decision are many, but they boil down to two central

        contentions: the district court abused its discretion (1) by finding that the risk posed by

        COVID-19 does not amount to an “extraordinary and compelling reason” for his release,

        and (2) by failing to address his disparate § 924(c) sentence.

               Taking each argument in turn, we find Brown’s first argument unpersuasive, but

        agree that the district court should have granted Brown’s motion based on his

        disproportionately long sentence.

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                                                     A.

               We first address Brown’s argument that COVID-19 and his health conditions

        warrant compassionate release. To establish that the risk posed by COVID-19 presents an

        “extraordinary and compelling reason” for release, a defendant must allege “that the risk

        of contracting COVID-19 in a prison is higher than the risk outside the prison and that [his]

        preexisting medical condition increases [his] risk of experiencing a serious, or even fatal,

        case of COVID-19.” High, 

. While this “inquiry is ‘multifaceted’ and must

        account for the ‘totality of the relevant circumstances,’” Bethea, 

 (quoting

        United States v. Hargrove, 

 (4th Cir. 2022)), courts within the Fourth

        Circuit have looked to whether “an inmate shows both a particularized susceptibility to

        COVID-19 and a particularized risk of contracting the disease at his prison facility,”

        Hargrove, 

 (cleaned up).           Applying that standard, the district court

        determined that Brown’s obesity and high blood pressure put him at an increased risk of a

        severe COVID-19 infection, but that risk was mitigated by Brown’s refusal to receive the

        COVID-19 vaccine, and that Brown did not show that he had a particularized risk of

        contracting the disease at his facility.

               Brown lodges numerous objections to this decision, but none are availing. For one,

        he argues that the district court erroneously adopted a per se rule that an individual cannot

        establish an “extraordinary and compelling reason” for release based on COVID-19 if he

        refused the vaccine. We agree that district courts should always consider a defendant’s

        “individual circumstances” when assessing compassionate release claims, even when the

        defendant seeks relief on COVID-19 grounds and has refused to be vaccinated. United

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        States v. Singleton, No. 21-6798, 

, at *1 (4th Cir. Oct. 6, 2022)

        (unpublished). Courts should consider, for example, whether a defendant is “unable to

        receive or benefit from a vaccine, or [whether] they remain vulnerable to severe infection,

        notwithstanding the vaccine.” United States v. Rucker, 

 (7th Cir. 2022).

        But Brown made no argument that he was “unable to receive or benefit from [the] vaccine.”

        

 Rather, he appears to have refused the vaccine because he questioned its efficacy.

        Moreover, the district court concluded that, while Brown’s high blood pressure and obesity

        put him at increased risk of severe COVID-19 infection, the vaccine “could virtually

        eliminate that risk.” J.A. 132 (citation omitted). 2 The district court thus did not abuse its

        discretion by finding that, in Brown’s case, his vaccination status mitigated his

        particularized susceptibility to COVID-19.

               Brown’s objections to the court’s assessment of his risk of contracting the virus fare

        no better. Brown argues that the district court’s focus on the low number of COVID-19

        cases at his facility “incorrectly demands that an outbreak occur before a movant can

        demonstrate a particularized risk of contracting the disease,” and alleges that the case

        numbers are likely inaccurate based on inadequate testing. Opening Br. 26. To be sure,

        the current case-count at a facility does not capture the long-term risk of transmission. And

        certainly, the district court’s analysis might have been more compelling if it included, for



               2
                 Brown challenges this analysis as deficient because the district court “failed to
        properly assess his individual susceptibility to the virus.” Opening Br. 24. While the
        court’s analysis could have been more thorough, it considered Brown’s COVID-19-based
        “arguments and ha[d] a reasoned basis for exercising [its] own legal decisionmaking
        authority.” Chavez-Meza v. United States, 

 (2018) (citation omitted).
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        instance, an assessment of the precautions the facility is taking to prevent the spread of the

        virus, the risk of transmission inherent in a congregate setting, and the aggregate case count

        at the facility. Its failure to do so, however, does not render its analysis “arbitrar[y] or

        irrational[].” High, 

. Rather, the court’s reasoning “fell within the scope

        of its discretion.” 

.

               Brown also challenges the district court’s focus on the vaccination rate at his facility

        and the facility’s ability to manage Brown’s underlying conditions. For similar reasons,

        however, these arguments fail. The district court relied on a medical resource regarding

        the COVID-19 vaccine and an analogous district court decision to conclude that “the high

        number of vaccinations at [Brown’s facility] assist in limiting the spread of COVID-19”

        and that Brown’s facility could help manage his “common chronic conditions.” J.A. 133.

        While we might have applied a different analysis in the first instance, we cannot say that

        the district court’s consideration of those factors rendered its “extraordinary and

        compelling reasons” determination an abuse of discretion.

               Accordingly, we affirm the district court’s holding that the risk posed by COVID-

        19 does not create an “extraordinary and compelling reason” for Brown’s release.

                                                      B.

               We next consider Brown’s argument that his disproportionately long sentence

        warrants a sentence reduction. As discussed, Brown was convicted of two § 924(c)

        offenses, and the district court sentenced him pursuant to a pre-First Step Act regime that

        imposed a five-year mandatory minimum for an initial § 924(c) conviction and a twenty-

        five-year mandatory minimum for a second or subsequent § 924(c) conviction, “even if the

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        first § 924(c) conviction was obtained in the same case.” McCoy, 

. As a

        result, Brown received a thirty-year sentence for his two § 924(c) offenses—five years for

        his first offense and twenty-five years for the second. However, after the First Step Act

        “amend[ed] § 924(c) so that the 25-year mandatory minimum for a second or subsequent

        offense applies only when a prior conviction under § 924(c) already has become final,”

        “the 25-year mandatory minimum . . . no longer applies to multiple § 924(c) convictions

        obtained in a single prosecution.” United States v. Jordan, 

 (4th Cir.

        2020) (internal quotation marks omitted). As a result, an individual facing Brown’s

        convictions today would only be subject to a five-year mandatory minimum sentence for

        each § 924(c) conviction, or ten years total.

               The district court declined to consider whether Brown’s disparate sentence for his

        § 924(c) convictions constitutes an “extraordinary and compelling reason” for his release

        because it concluded that Brown failed to exhaust his administrative remedies for the claims

        in his Supplemental Motion, which included this particular argument. The parties now agree

        that this conclusion was in error given our recent holding that Ҥ 3582(c)(1)(A) does not

        require issue exhaustion.” United States v. Ferguson, 

, 269 (4th Cir. 2022).

        Ferguson makes clear that a compassionate release motion in the district court is not

        limited “to only those grounds for compassionate release [the defendant] identified in his

        request to the BOP.” 

. In other words, to the extent the district court held that

        exhaustion was waived as to Brown’s Letter Motion, Brown did not need to separately

        exhaust his arguments raised in his Supplemental Motion. And regardless of Ferguson,

        Brown raised his § 924(c) argument in his initial Letter Motion when he stated: “In my

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        case, the 924(c)’s were stacked and thus resulted in a[n] extreme sentence disparity.” J.A.

        65. Therefore, the district court’s decision to “assess the merits of [Brown’s] original

        claims” should have triggered its consideration of Brown’s § 924(c) argument. J.A. 131.

               In the alternative, the district court stated that “[e]ven if [it] were to waive

        exhaustion, the § 3553(a) factors here do not support early release.” J.A. 135. In assessing

        the § 3553(a) factors, however, the court again failed to consider Brown’s disparate

        sentence. Instead, the court focused on Brown’s criminal history, the nature of his offenses,

        the small portion of his sentence he had served, and the danger to Brown’s community

        posed by his early release. While the court recognized Brown’s “service while imprisoned,

        including his work in the library and as a GED tutor,” it held that “a reconsideration of the

        § 3553(a) factors would [not] lead to a different result than arrived at during [Brown’s]

        sentencing.” J.A. 135–36.

               Because Brown’s disparate sentence is relevant to both the “extraordinary and

        compelling reasons” inquiry and the § 3553(a) factors, the district court’s failure to engage

        with that argument at either step of the compassionate release analysis was error. For the

        reasons to follow, “we exercise our discretion to correct the error.” United States v. Worley,

        

, 408–09 (4th Cir. 2012).

                                                      i.

               To start, we consider Brown’s disparate sentence within the “extraordinary and

        compelling reasons” inquiry.     In McCoy, we reviewed two district courts’ grants of

        compassionate release based, in part, on the defendants’ disparate § 924(c) sentences. 981

        F.3d at 277–79. In affirming those decisions, we held that the courts “appropriately

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        considered two distinct features of the defendants’ § 924(c) sentences in applying the

        ‘extraordinary and compelling reasons’ standard”: “the sheer and unusual length of the

        [defendants’] sentences,” and “the gross disparity between those sentences and the sentences

        Congress now believes to be an appropriate penalty for the defendants’ conduct.” Id. at 285

        (internal quotation marks omitted). Both of those distinct features are present in Brown’s

        case and establish “extraordinary and compelling reasons” for reducing his sentence.

               First, we are struck by “the sheer and unusual length” of Brown’s sentence. Id. At

        thirty-four-years old, Brown was sentenced to fifty-seven years in prison—functionally

        a life sentence—for various drug distribution and gun possession offenses. Brown’s

        prison sentence is substantially longer than the average sentence imposed for far more

        serious and violent crimes. For example, in 2022, the national average sentence for

        murder was 261 months (or about twenty-two years), and the national average sentence

        for kidnapping was 184 months (or about fifteen years). U.S. Sentencing Commission,

        Statistical Information Packet, Fiscal Year 2022, Fourth Circuit, https://www.ussc.gov/sites/

        default/files/pdf/research-and-publications/federal-sentencing-statistics/state-district-

        circuit/2022/4c22.pdf [https://perma.cc/9XBB-TZZQ] (last visited July 24, 2023). While we

        do not make light of the serious conduct for which Brown was convicted, we cannot ignore

        the extraordinary fact that Brown, who was not charged with causing any physical violence

        or injury, is serving a sentence more than two-and-a-half times the length of today’s

        average murder sentence. If that were not enough, Brown also received a far lengthier

        sentence than his co-defendants, each of whom was sentenced to less than twenty years of



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        incarceration—nearly a third of Brown’s sentence—and some of whom were sentenced to

        ten years or less.

               Second, there is a clear “gross disparity” between Brown’s “sentence[] and the

        sentence[] Congress now believes to be an appropriate penalty for [his] conduct.” McCoy,

        

. If sentenced today, Brown would have been subject to a ten- (rather than

        thirty-) year mandatory minimum for his two § 924(c) convictions. That twenty-year

        “disparity is primarily the result of Congress’ conclusion that sentences like [Brown’s] are

        unfair and unnecessary, in effect, a legislative rejection of the need to impose sentences

        under § 924(c), as originally enacted, as well as a legislative declaration of what level of

        punishment is adequate.” Id. (quoting United States v. Redd, 

, 723

        (E.D. Va. 2020)). While Congress did not make this change to § 924(c) retroactive,

        § 3582(c)(1)(A) allows for “individual relief” based on a § 924(c) sentencing disparity “in

        the most grievous cases.” Id. at 287. The sheer length and disparate nature of Brown’s

        sentence make clear that this is such a case.

                                                        ii.

               The § 3553(a) factors, too, favor Brown’s early release. Those factors include “the

        nature and circumstances of the offense and the history and characteristics of the

        defendant,” 

(a)(1), “the need for the sentence imposed” to “provide just

        punishment for the offense,” “to afford adequate deterrence to criminal conduct,” “to

        protect the public from further crimes of the defendant,” and “to provide the defendant with

        needed educational or vocational training,” § 3553(a)(2), and “the need to avoid



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        unwarranted sentence disparities among defendants with similar records who have been

        found guilty of similar conduct,” § 3553(a)(6).

               In one cursory paragraph, the district court concluded that the § 3553(a) factors do

        not favor a reduction of Brown’s sentence. But a proper consideration of the relevant

        § 3553(a) factors, as is required by our precedent, see Bethea, 

, supports the

        opposite conclusion. For one, “the need to avoid unwarranted sentence disparities among

        defendants with similar records who have been found guilty of similar conduct,”

        § 3553(a)(6), clearly favors Brown. Because Brown was subject to a mandatory-minimum

        sentence that is twenty years longer than it would be if he were sentenced today for the

        same conduct, a sentence reduction is necessary to mitigate the gross disparity between

        Brown and similarly situated defendants.

               Brown’s disparate sentence also speaks to, among other factors, “the need for the

        sentence imposed” to “provide just punishment for the offense” and “to afford adequate

        deterrence to criminal conduct.” § 3553(a)(2). The First Step Act’s amendment to § 924(c)

        reflects Congress’s judgment that sentences like Brown’s are “dramatically longer than

        necessary or fair,” McCoy, 

, and, in turn, are not necessary to serve the ends

        of § 3553(a)(2). Moreover, in Brown’s case, the necessity of the additional twenty years

        on his sentence is particularly suspect because the conditions created by COVID-19, “not

        contemplated by the original sentencing court, [have] undoubtedly increase[d] [his] prison

        sentence’s punitive effect.”     Kibble, 

 (Gregory, C.J., concurring).

        According to Brown, his facility was placed on a lockdown in response to the pandemic,

        during which he was “confined to [his] cell[] for 22[.5] hours a day,” and the recreation

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        areas were closed. J.A. 62. Brown also reported being “crammed up in very small cells

        with roommates” and “little to no ventil[ation].” J.A. 63. Even if those factors have been

        mitigated by the evolving circumstances of the pandemic, that they plagued Brown at any

        point “has made [his] incarceration harsher and more punitive than would otherwise have

        been the case.” United States v. Rodriguez, 

, 311 (S.D.N.Y. 2020).

        Therefore, Brown’s drastic sentence, which might have been “‘sufficient but not greater

        than necessary’ before the coronavirus pandemic[,] may no longer” be justified. Kibble,

        

 (Gregory, C.J., concurring).

               If the district court had considered these facts, it might have realized that they

        contradict the very limited reasoning it did provide. For example, the court stated that

        Brown had “only served approximately 11% of his sentence at th[at] time, which would

        not serve to deter other[s] from similar activity,” and that his “multiple firearms convictions

        suggest . . . that community safety would be harmed by [his] early release.” J.A. 135. Yet

        the fact that Congress has since concluded that § 924(c) sentences like Brown’s are “unfair

        and unnecessary,” McCoy, 

 (quoting Redd, 444 F. Supp. 3d at 723),

        indicates that Brown’s fifty-seven-year sentence is neither necessary to deter others from

        similar criminal activity nor “to protect the public from further crimes of the defendant,”

        

(a)(2).

               Additionally, Brown’s claim that he incurred only one disciplinary infraction

        throughout his incarceration—a fact the district court also failed to mention—casts further

        doubt on the court’s concern for the safety of the community. And while the court did briefly

        consider Brown’s rehabilitative efforts while incarcerated, it failed to weigh how those

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        efforts ameliorate any risk posed to Brown’s community upon his release.             While

        incarcerated, Brown has not only bettered himself through his completion of a variety of

        courses but has also given back to his community by tutoring, teaching adult continuing

        education classes, and working as a library clerk. This “postsentencing rehabilitation”

        minimizes the “need for the sentence imposed” to “protect the public from further crimes of

        the defendant,” and “provides the most up-to-date picture of [Brown’s] ‘history and

        characteristics,’” which also favors a sentence reduction. Pepper v. United States, 

, 491–92 (2011) (quoting § 3553(a)(1)–(2)). Taking these facts together, we simply

        cannot square Brown’s fifty-seven-year sentence with the aims of the § 3553(a) factors.

               Nevertheless, we take seriously the district court’s concerns about Brown’s severe

        criminal history and the serious nature of his charged conduct. We also recognize that

        Brown’s disparate § 924(c) sentence accounts for only thirty years of his fifty-seven-year

        sentence, and that reducing his sentence to time served might be too strong a medicine for

        remedying that disparity. Fortunately, “[§] 3582(c)(1)(A) does not demand that [courts]

        choose between immediate release and wholesale denial. Instead, it allows for any

        sentence reduction up to and including time served.” Rodriguez, 492 F. Supp. 3d at 316.

        We therefore balance those competing concerns by reversing and remanding with

        instructions to grant Brown’s motion and reduce his sentence by twenty years. A 447-

        month (or approximately thirty-seven year) sentence reflects the seriousness of Brown’s

        offenses and criminal history while rectifying the twenty-year disparity in Brown’s

        § 924(c) sentence and accounting for the numerous changed circumstances since Brown

        was sentenced nine years ago. Additionally, because “the risk of recidivism is inversely

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        related to an inmate’s age,” Brown’s release at over seventy years of age should further

        alleviate the district court’s concern for the risk to public safety posed by Brown’s release.

        United States v. Howard, 

 (4th Cir. 2014).

               “Ordinarily, we understand that district courts wield broad discretion in deciding

        compassionate release motions.” Malone, 

. So, in a different case, we might

        remedy the district court’s error by remanding for the district court to consider Brown’s

        disparate sentence in the first instance. Yet the district court here has already had two

        opportunities to review Brown’s compassionate release motion:            its initial denial of

        Brown’s motion in July 2020, and its second denial in December 2021 after we remanded

        Brown’s case for further consideration. Each time, the district court neglected to address

        Brown’s disparate sentence. That neglect persisted despite our express recognition in our

        previous remand order that McCoy—and its holding that disparate § 924(c) sentences can

        constitute “extraordinary and compelling reasons” for release—“is relevant to this case.”

        Brown, 

, at *2 n.4.

               More fundamentally, any additional analysis by the district court is unnecessary

        because any further decision that declined to reduce Brown’s sentence to ameliorate his

        § 924(c) sentence disparity would constitute an abuse of discretion. In other words, Brown’s

        disparate sentence so clearly meets the “extraordinary and compelling reasons” standard, and

        the § 3553(a) factors so clearly favor a sentence reduction, that it would be arbitrary or




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        irrational to deny Brown’s motion. See High, 

. 3 “[I]n the end, no analysis

        or explanation could persuade us that compassionate relief was appropriately denied,”

        particularly because we already “allow[ed] the district court to consider the full record under

        the proper framework.” Malone, 

 (Harris, J., concurring in part). Remanding

        for further analysis would therefore offend basic notions of judicial economy.

               Simply put, “in cases—as in here—where the record presents such extraordinary

        conditions” that so clearly favor a sentence reduction, and the district court has twice

        declined to engage with that record, “we are compelled to conclude” that relief is

        warranted. 

 (majority opinion) (reversing denial of compassionate release motion

        and remanding with instructions for district court to grant motion); see also Worley, 685

        F.3d at 408–09 & n.1 (reversing, without remanding, district court’s imposition of certain

        special conditions of supervised release because they were unsupported by the record).


                                                      V.

               For the foregoing reasons, we reverse the district court’s denial of Brown’s

        compassionate release motion and remand with instructions to grant his motion and reduce

        his prison sentence to 447 months.


                                           REVERSED AND REMANDED WITH INSTRUCTIONS


               3
                 For this reason, we are not swayed by the government’s argument that the district
        court’s threadbare analysis was reasonable because the same judge also sentenced Brown
        originally. To be sure, we have found that fact “significant” when evaluating the
        procedural adequacy of a district court’s decision denying compassionate release. High,
        

. However, that holding is of limited persuasive value where, as here, we
        are not reversing the district court’s decision on purely procedural grounds.
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        QUATTLEBAUM, Circuit Judge, dissenting:

               In an extraordinary and, in my view, regrettable decision, the majority reverses the

        district court’s order denying Brown’s motion for compassionate release. It does so only

        by imposing a standard for explaining decisions that is more demanding than what the

        Supreme Court recently established. Concepcion v. United States, 

, 2405

        (2022) (“All that is required is for a district court to demonstrate that it has considered the

        arguments before it.”). But the majority does not stop there. It then usurps the district

        court’s assigned responsibility by stepping in to re-weigh the sentencing factors, substitute

        its judgment for that of the district court and order a 20-year sentence reduction. The

        majority may well be troubled by the length of Brown’s original sentence. But our ordered

        system of justice requires that appellate courts apply standards set forth by the Supreme

        Court. And it requires that discretionary sentencing decisions be made by district court

        judges. The majority today does neither. I dissent.



                                                      I.

               First, contrary to the majority’s conclusion, the district court adequately addressed

        Brown’s argument that his stacked § 924(c) convictions constituted “extraordinary and

        compelling reasons” for granting compassionate release. See 

(c)(1)(A)(i).

        All the court had to do was demonstrate that it considered that argument. Concepcion, 142

        S. Ct. at 2405. And it did that. The district court explicitly identified Brown’s § 924(c)

        argument. See J.A. 134 (“Defendant’s Supplemental Motion asks the [c]ourt to consider

        whether Defendant’s ‘stacked’ gun charges under 

(c) constitute

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        extraordinary and compelling reasons for a sentence reduction.”). After identifying that

        argument, and others, it concluded that the “§ 3553(a) factors do not support [Brown’s]

        release.” J.A. 136. The court also listed the § 3553(a) factors and explained that it

        “carefully weighed [them] at sentencing” along with “the seriousness of the offense among

        other factors.” J.A. 135. And it noted that the original sentence “was within the Guidelines

        range.” J.A. 135.

               The district court then discussed the § 3553(a) factors:

               [Brown] has had a troubled past with a criminal history category of V,
               reflecting a criminal history that has gotten worse leading up to the offenses
               for which [Brown] was convicted. [Brown] has only served approximately
               11% of his sentence at this time, which would not serve to deter other[s] from
               similar activity, which involved large scale drug distribution in the Hampton
               Roads area for over a decade. Finally, [Brown’s] multiple firearms
               convictions suggest to the Court that community safety would be harmed by
               [Brown’s] early release. The Court appreciates [Brown’s] service while
               imprisoned, including his work in the library and as a GED tutor. However,
               the Court cannot say a reconsideration of the § 3553(a) factors would lead to
               a different result than arrived at during [Brown’s] sentencing.

        J.A. 135–36. All of that supported the court’s ultimate conclusion that “the § 3553(a)

        factors do not support [Brown’s] release.” J.A. 136. It also demonstrates that the district

        court considered Brown’s § 924(c) stacking argument but decided that, even considering

        it, the sentencing factors did not support release.

               Nothing more was required. The district court was not required to rebut Brown’s

        argument. The Supreme Court has been clear on this. Concepcion, 142 S. Ct. at 2405

        (holding district courts need not rebut each of the parties’ arguments). So have we. United

        States v. Reed, 

 (4th Cir. 2023) (“Nor does the First Step Act require a

        district court to make a point-by-point rebuttal of the parties’ arguments.”). Nor are district

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        courts required to provide detailed explanations or detail why the sentencing factors

        outweigh the defendant’s arguments. Concepcion, 142 S. Ct. at 2404. All they are required

        to do is demonstrate that they considered the parties’ arguments. Id. at 2405. And that does

        not even require explicitly identifying the argument. United States v. Mangarella, 

, 203–04 (4th Cir. 2023) (an omission of any discussion of an argument “does not by

        itself establish that the district court failed to consider [the argument] at least

        implicitly. . . .” (emphasis in original)).

               The Supreme Court has set a low bar for demonstrating an argument was

        considered. Reed, 

. In describing Brown’s § 924(c) argument and finding

        the § 3553(a) sentencing factors still did not support release, the district court cleared it.



                                                      II.

               But my disagreement with the majority’s opinion runs deeper. Not only does the

        majority improperly conclude that the district court did not consider the § 924(c) argument

        that it explicitly referenced, it then usurps the role of the district court to reduce Brown’s

        sentence itself.

               First, the majority effectively re-weighs the § 3553(a) factors. For example, it rejects

        the district court’s determination that because Brown had only served 11% of his sentence,

        granting compassionate release would not deter others from engaging in similar conduct.

        According to the majority, the First Step Act’s sentence reduction for stacked § 924(c)

        convictions means the “afford adequate deterrence” factor cuts in favor of reducing

        Brown’s sentence. Maj. Op. at 18–20. But Congress did not make the reduction in

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        sentences for stacked § 924(c) convictions retroactive. So the effect of that reduction on

        the § 3553(a) factors is a point about which reasonable minds can disagree. 1 It cannot mean

        that the district court’s reasoning was an abuse of discretion.

               The majority also makes an argument in favor of granting compassionate release

        that Brown did not even make. According to the majority, because of measures the prison

        took to avoid the spread of COVID-19, Brown’s time in prison was actually more punitive

        than it would otherwise have been. This, the majority insists, undermines the district court’s

        reasoning that Brown had served only 11% of his term. Perhaps a district court might reach

        this conclusion. But we should not fault the district court for not agreeing with it sua

        sponte. 2


               1
                 Because if the majority is right, the opposite would have to be true. A subsequent
        statutory increase in a sentence would cut against a sentence reduction when considering
        the § 3553(a) factors. I am not convinced that statutory changes, up or down, should so
        directly impact motions for compassionate release when such changes are not made
        retroactive.
               2
                 I recognize Brown included the measures taken by the prison in response to
        COVID-19 in his “extraordinary and compelling circumstances” argument. But the
        majority affirms the district court’s rejection of Brown’s argument that the effect of
        COVID-19, including the prison’s response to it, created the extraordinary and compelling
        circumstances required to obtain compassionate release relief. Despite that, and even
        though Brown did not argue the steps the prison took to guard against the spread of
        COVID-19 impacted the § 3553(a) factors, the majority resuscitates the COVID-19 issue.
        What’s more, the majority’s logic would effectively result in granting the compassionate
        release motion in one way or another due to COVID-19: if the prison fails to mitigate the
        spread of the novel virus, the risk of illness would require reduction; but, if the prison takes
        steps to mitigate the risk of illness, that results in a more punitive sentence than
        contemplated by the district court at sentencing. I am not trying to minimize the way in
        which COVID-19 impacted our society as a whole and prisons specifically. But in my
        view, the majority’s reasoning gives COVID-19 a greater role in motions for
        compassionate release than is warranted.

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               The majority then rejects the district court’s reasoning that because of his multiple

        firearm convictions, community safety would be harmed by Brown’s early release.

        According to the majority, the district court “failed to weigh how [his rehabilitative] efforts

        [while in prison] ameliorate any risk posed to Brown’s community upon his release.” Maj.

        Op. at 19. But the district court considered those efforts. It even identified some of them.

        It just concluded that they were outweighed, on balance, by the § 3553(a) factors and the

        needs for incarceration. In other words, the district court considered the same evidence the

        majority points to and evaluated it differently. But district courts have discretion in

        evaluating the § 3553(a) factors. United States v. Hargrove, 

 (4th Cir.

        2022); see also Concepcion, 142 S. Ct. at 2404 (“The broad discretion that the First Step

        Act affords to district courts also counsels in favor of deferential appellate review.”). If

        district court discretion means anything, it means we must not second guess district courts

        just because we might have come to a different conclusion if we were sitting in their shoes.

        But that is not all. After saying it “take[s] seriously the district court’s concerns about

        Brown’s severe criminal history and the serious nature of his charged conduct,” the

        majority “balance[s] those competing concerns by reversing and remanding with

        instructions to grant Brown’s motion and reduce his sentence by twenty years.” Maj. Op.

        at 20. It continues by explaining,

               A 447-month (or approximately thirty-seven year) sentence reflects the
               seriousness of Brown’s offenses and criminal history while rectifying the
               twenty-year disparity in Brown’s § 924(c) sentence and accounting for the
               numerous changed circumstances since Brown was sentenced nine years ago.
               Additionally, because “the risk of recidivism is inversely related to an
               inmate’s age,” Brown’s release at over seventy years of age should further


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               alleviate the district court’s concern for the risk to public safety posed by
               Brown’s release. United States v. Howard, 

 (4th Cir. 2014).

        Maj. Op. at 20-21.

               This is remarkable. The majority abandons our role as a reviewing court and, for all

        practical purposes, assumes the role of a factfinder. Even if a prisoner establishes

        extraordinary and compelling circumstances, a district court is “not required to grant the

        defendant’s motion for a sentence reduction.” Hargrove, 

 (internal quotation

        marks omitted). District courts must consider the § 3553(a) factors in deciding whether to

        exercise their discretion to reduce a sentence. Id. at 194; see also United States v. Troy, 

 (4th Cir. 2023) (“In resolving a motion under the First Step Act, a district

        court’s discretion is broad and its burden light.”). The majority claims that discretion for

        itself, rather than affording the district court the discretion the law requires.

               The majority justifies this usurpation of the district court’s responsibilities by

        declaring that the district court already had two chances to address Brown’s argument about

        his § 924(c) convictions. It maintains that the district court did not address the § 924(c)

        argument in its first order and, despite being instructed to do so in our prior decision, the

        district court failed to address the argument in its second order as well. It is correct that we

        previously remanded Brown’s case “for further proceedings consistent with” our High,

        Kibble and McCoy decisions. United States v. Brown, No. 20-7095, 

, *2

        (4th Cir. Sept. 29, 2021) (per curiam) (unpublished). 3 And it is also correct that in a


               3
                United States v. High, 

 (4th Cir. 2021); United States v. Kibble, 

 (4th Cir. 2021); United States v. McCoy, 

 (4th Cir. 2020).

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        footnote, we flagged that McCoy supports the argument that the disparity between stacked

        § 924(c) sentences and those after the First Step Act precluded stacking constitutes

        extraordinary and compelling circumstances for purposes of a motion for compassionate

        release. Id. at *2 n.4. But as already described, the district court did in fact address the

        argument in a way that, if not satisfactory to the majority, satisfies the Supreme Court’s

        standard. And even if one were to conclude that the district court did not adequately address

        the issue—which I do not—those instructions are hardly so specific that we should take

        the drastic step the majority takes here.

               In sum, “it is not the role of an appellate court to substitute its judgment for that of

        the sentencing court as to the appropriateness of a particular sentence[.]” Solem v. Helm,

        

 (1983). But to me, that is exactly what the majority opinion does.

               I dissent. 4




               4
                   My dissent is limited to part IV.B.

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