Full Opinion (html_with_citations)

                               Cite as
2022 Ark. App. 515
                   ARKANSAS COURT OF APPEALS
                                      DIVISION III
                                      No. CV-22-10



                                             Opinion Delivered   December 14, 2022

KATHERINE MCCLERKIN                          APPEAL FROM THE PULASKI
                   APPELLANT                 COUNTY CIRCUIT COURT,
                                             SIXTH DIVISION
V.                                           [NO. 60CV-18-8522]

                                             HONORABLE TIMOTHY DAVIS FOX,
ROGUE CONSTRUCTION, LLC                      JUDGE
                    APPELLEE
                                             REVERSED AND REMANDED


                             KENNETH S. HIXSON, Judge

       Appellant Katherine McClerkin appeals from an order of the Pulaski County Circuit

Court that granted appellee Rogue Construction, LLC’s motion to enforce a settlement

agreement between the parties. On appeal, McClerkin argues that the circuit court’s finding

that the parties entered into an enforceable settlement agreement was clearly erroneous. We

agree, and we reverse and remand.

                               I. Facts and Procedural History

       In August 2017, McClerkin entered into a contract with Rogue Construction for

remodeling work on her house.       Problems arose, resulting in this litigation.    Rogue

Construction filed a complaint against McClerkin alleging that McClerkin breached the

contract by failing to pay the amount owed under the contract. Rogue Construction
requested $25,525.92 in damages. McClerkin answered and asserted a counterclaim for

breach of contract alleging that she suffered damages in excess of $100,000 when she was

required to repair Rogue Construction’s allegedly defective work.1

       The parties attempted to negotiate a settlement of their claims in two separate phases. 2

The first phase began in the summer of 2020, and in June 2020 the parties met for mediation

but were unable to reach an agreement. The parties continued to negotiate, and on July 1,

2020, Rogue Construction’s counsel sent an email to the circuit court stating that the parties

had agreed to a settlement and were working on finalizing the language of the settlement

agreement. However, on September 2, 2020, McClerkin’s counsel sent an email to the

circuit court advising the court that unfortunately the parties could not agree on the release

language to be included in the settlement agreement. McClerkin’s counsel explained that

proposed language provided by Rogue Construction was unilateral in that it released only

Rogue Construction from liability but not McClerkin.

       The parties continued to negotiate the terms of the settlement agreement to no avail.

Finally, on October 20, 2020, Rogue Construction sent a letter to the circuit court advising




       1
       McClerkin later filed an amendment to counterclaim and second amendment to
counterclaim wherein she raised additional claims for negligence and breach of implied
warranty and requested additional damages, including consequential damages.
       2
       In the first phase of settlement negotiations, Rogue Construction was represented
by Jason Davis, and in the second phase, it was represented by G. Spence Fricke, who is
Rogue Construction’s counsel in this appeal. McClerkin was represented by Jack Wagoner
in both phases of the settlement negotiations, and in the latter stages of the second phase,
McClerkin was also represented by John Ogles, who is McClerkin’s counsel in this appeal.

                                               2
the court that the parties were ultimately unable to reach a settlement agreement and

requested the case be placed back on the active trial docket. Rogue Construction explained

to the court that, although the parties had agreed to a monetary amount for the settlement,

the parties had not reached an agreement as to which party would pay an outstanding bill of

$3434.50 owed to subcontractor Ace Glass for installation of a shower door in McClerkin’s

master bathroom.

        Notwithstanding that the parties had not reached an agreement as to all the material

terms of a settlement agreement during the first phase of the negotiations, on October 27,

2020, McClerkin filed a motion to enforce a settlement agreement. Rogue Construction

opposed the motion. The circuit court initially granted McClerkin’s motion to enforce a

settlement agreement on February 5, 2021; however, on February 8, the circuit court set

aside the February 5 order and placed the case back on the docket for litigation of any and

all issues.

        The second phase of settlement negotiations followed. This phase was documented

by a series of email exchanges between the parties’ attorneys.         On April 29, 2021,

McClerkin’s counsel sent an email to Rogue Construction’s counsel stating:

        I think that this case is settled. We will need a release from you as well though. My
        client has instructed me to tell you that she will withdraw her complaint with the
        Contractor’s Board as you have requested. I just want to talk with you and make sure
        we’re on the same page about everything. . . . I hope to get with you and knock this
        one out as soon as we can visit.

Later that day, Rogue Construction’s counsel evidently had a telephone conversation with

McClerkin’s counsel, and Rogue Construction’s counsel then sent a follow-up email stating:


                                              3
       Jack—I’m confirming we have a settlement for $65,000. I will prepare a mutual release
       which will include a mutual confidentiality provision, a non-disparagement provision,
       and an agreement by your client to withdraw her complaint at the Contractor’s
       Licensing Bd, and not re-file it. Please confirm on your end.

McClerkin’s counsel replied:

       Confirmed. I’ll need to see the release language before we sign. But send it to me
       and I expect we’ll just be signing it and sending it back. I know you as an ethical, very
       talented lawyer. I trust you’ll include release language that takes care of both sides.

Rogue Construction’s counsel replied, “Understood, and I will try my very best to do that.”

       Rogue Construction’s counsel prepared a “Confidential Settlement Agreement and

Mutual Release” consisting of eight paragraphs. The proposed agreement provided that for

consideration of $65,000, McClerkin would release Rogue Construction from any and all

claims arising out of the design or construction work performed by Rogue Construction.

The proposed agreement also provided that the lawsuit would be dismissed with prejudice

in its entirety, and that McClerkin would withdraw her pending complaint against Rogue

Construction before the Arkansas Contractor’s Licensing Board. There were additional

provisions covering confidentiality, nondisparagement, mutual release, and no admission of

liability. On May 6, 2021, Rogue Construction’s counsel sent an email to McClerkin’s

counsel with an attachment containing the Confidential Settlement Agreement and Mutual

Release along with the message, “Jack—attached is the release. I have gone over it with my

client and he will agree to it if your client will agree to sign it.” Thirteen minutes after

receiving that email, McClerkin’s counsel responded, “I have a couple of questions. Can

you please call me as soon as you get a chance.”



                                               4
       A few days passed, and the next correspondence between the parties contained in the

record occurred on May 11, 2021, when Rogue Construction’s counsel sent an email stating:

       Jack—following is language that my client and I can agree to add to paragraph 7 of the
       release:

              “For the same consideration, McClerkin further agrees that she will be
              responsible for paying any outstanding bills or other indebtedness for work or
              services provided by any subcontractor who worked on, or provided materials
              to, the Construction. To the best of Rogue Construction (formerly Rogue
              Architecture LLC)’s current knowledge, there are no outstanding balances due
              to any subcontractors, with the exception of Ace Glass Company, and
              McClerkin agrees that she will be responsible for, and will pay all sums owed
              to, Ace Glass Company.”

In that email, Rogue Construction’s counsel apparently introduced yet a new provision and

stated further, “My client is also interested in adding some statement of assurance to the

effect that McClerkin will see that there is a final inspection as soon as reasonably possible

so that we can close out the construction and he can close his currently open construction

permit.” Rogue Construction’s counsel concluded the email with, “Just let me know if you

want to discuss.”

       The parties exchanged emails again on June 1, 2021. McClerkin’s counsel sent an

email to Rogue Construction’s counsel stating:

       I don’t think I have received a new version of the release we discussed a week or two
       ago. If you have sent one, please resend as it must have gotten lost in my spam folder
       or something.

       This case is giving me anxiety. I need to get this release deal either resolved or we
       have to pick the case back up and start moving forward with it. I don’t want to have
       to do that when the case was settled. We are giving you a full release. My client has
       agreed to a release and the $65,000, pay the contractor bill to Ace Glass, and assume



                                              5
       responsibility for any outstanding bills to subcontractors. Rogue affirms that it is not
       aware of any unpaid subcontractor bills except for Ace Glass.

       Can we get on the phone or in person and knock this out? This case stands out
       among my cases because of the position it is in right now. I feel like I need to get the
       release situation resolved asap.

Rogue Construction’s counsel responded:

       Jack I am out of the office right now on vacation. I return to the office next Monday.
       I do believe I sent you the final version of the release agreement, but by copy of this
       email I’m asking De’Shae to do that just in case I did not. My client has been very
       busy over the last week or so and wants to review the release one last time. He is
       going to be doing that soon and I anticipate we will have a deal in the very near future.

       Rogue Construction’s counsel subsequently prepared a revised version of the

Confidential Settlement Agreement and Mutual Release, which contained identical

language as the former version and added a paragraph providing that McClerkin would be

responsible for paying any outstanding subcontractor bills. In an email sent on June 8, 2021,

Rogue Construction’s counsel provided McClerkin’s counsel with a copy of the revised

version of the proposed agreement along with this message:

       Jack—I have now reviewed the attached final release with my client. My client is
       willing to sign this release if your client is willing. If you will have your client sign
       and return the signature page to me, I will have my client sign as well, and I will order
       the check from Hanover. Please also send me the payee information in terms of how
       the check should be made out as well as a W-9. Just let me know if you want to
       discuss.

Notably, Rogue Construction never received a response to the above correspondence.

       On June 17, 2021, Rogue Construction sent a follow-up email to McClerkin’s

counsel, who was then still Jack Wagoner, stating, “Jack—just following up.” Wagoner did

not respond to that email. However, on June 21, 2021, McClerkin acquired additional


                                               6
counsel, John Ogles. Now on board, co-counsel3 Ogles reached out to Rogue Construction’s

counsel with an email stating, “I just [got] hired to represent Ms. McClerkin. I look forward

to working with you and getting this case resolved. I will be in touch.”

       On June 30, 2021, Rogue Construction’s counsel sent Ogles an email stating, “John—

just checking back. Are you available this week for a telephone call? I’d like to get this done

if we possibly can as soon as we can.” Later that day, Ogles responded, “Sorry, I forgot to

call you. Let’s touch base this afternoon. Do you think we have to mediate again?” Rogue

Construction’s counsel replied:

       Sure. What’s a good time for you? I’ll give you a call. I’m not going to eliminate all
       possibilities of mediation, but Jack [Wagoner] and I had reached an agreement on the
       amount of money to be paid, $65,000, and we were working on the terms of the
       release, and I thought we had basically gotten agreements on that although no one
       had signed anything. Do you need to see the latest release that I sent Jack?

Ogles then responded, “No. I have seen it. I will not stand in the way of a settlement but I

think she has changed her mind.”

       Apparently dissatisfied, or perhaps confused, with the response from the new co-

counsel, John Ogles, Rogue Construction’s counsel turned around and emailed McClerkin’s

existing co-counsel, Jack Wagoner, stating:

       Jack—I have talked to John Ogles and he said he would not stand in the way of a
       settlement agreement. I thought we had one or at least were very near one. I am
       resending you again the final release with language that you requested. My client is
       anxious to settle this and get it done. Please let me hear from you.


       3
        While we have referred to Jack Wagoner and John Ogles as “co-counsel,” we do not
intend to imply any legal relationship between the attorneys except they were both apparently
now representing McClerkin going forward.

                                              7
In response to that email, Wagoner sent Rogue Construction’s counsel an email clearly

stating that “[w]e don’t have an agreement.” Among other things, Wagoner stated in the

email that there was no agreement because “you keep sending me releases that are not

completely mutual.” Wagoner stated that there was no settlement and indicated that

McClerkin was moving forward with trying the case. This email from Wagoner wherein he

confirmed there was no settlement agreement is the last correspondence between the parties

contained in the record.

       On August 4, 2021, Rogue Construction filed a motion to enforce settlement. In its

motion, Rogue Construction alleged that after several years of litigation, the parties agreed

to settle their claims for payment of a specific monetary amount and execution of a

settlement agreement providing certain terms. Rogue Construction alleged that the parties

exchanged various drafts of the agreement and reached an accord on all material terms.

Rogue Construction asked the circuit court to order McClerkin to stand by the agreement

she negotiated and enter an order enforcing the parties’ settlement agreement. Rogue

Construction also asked that, in enforcing the settlement, the circuit court dismiss Rogue

Construction’s claim and McClerkin’s counterclaim with prejudice.4

       On August 23, 2021, McClerkin filed a response to Rogue Construction’s motion to

enforce settlement, asking that it be denied. McClerkin argued that there was no enforceable


       4
        Rogue Construction also filed a separate motion to dismiss McClerkin’s second
amended counterclaim. Rogue Construction never specifically asked to dismiss McClerkin’s
first amended counterclaim.


                                             8
settlement agreement because there was no meeting of the minds or mutual agreement on

all material terms.

       On November 4, 2021, the circuit court entered an order granting Rogue

Construction’s motion to enforce settlement agreement. The circuit court ordered the

parties to execute releases and pay money within thirty days, and the circuit court dismissed

the complaint and counterclaim with prejudice. The circuit court denied as moot Rogue

Construction’s motion to dismiss McClerkin’s second amended counterclaim. 5

                                         II. Discussion

       In this appeal, McClerkin argues that the circuit court’s November 2021 order should

be reversed because the circuit court clearly erred in finding that the parties entered into an

enforceable settlement agreement. McClerkin argues that the parties did not reach a full

and complete settlement because the parties never reached a mutual agreement as to the

language of the releases to be executed by both parties, which was a material part of the

agreement.6 McClerkin argues that there was no binding agreement reached but rather an



       5
        We observe that there can be no issue as to the finality or appealability of the circuit
court’s order because in McClerkin’s notice of appeal she stated that she abandoned any
pending but unresolved claims as required by Rule 3(d)(vi) of the Arkansas Rules of
Appellate Procedure–Civil.

       6
        In her brief, McClerkin also cites Terra Land Services, Inc. v. McIntyre,
2019 Ark. App. 118
,
572 S.W.3d 424
, where we stated that an attorney may not compromise his client’s
cause of action without permission. However, McClerkin does not appear to argue on appeal
that her attorney did not have permission or lacked authority to negotiate or enter into an
agreement on her behalf, and at any rate, such argument would not be preserved because it
was not raised below. See Chastain v. Chastain,
2012 Ark. App. 73
,
388 S.W.3d 495
 (stating

                                               9
agreement to engage in continuing negotiations. We agree with McClerkin’s argument, and

we reverse and remand.

       The law favors amicable settlement of controversies, and courts have a duty to

encourage rather than discourage compromise as a method of resolving conflicting claims.

Williams v. Davis,
9 Ark. App. 323
,
659 S.W.2d 514
 (1983). Nevertheless, a settlement is

contractual in nature, and in order to be legally valid, it must possess the essential elements

of a contract.
Id.
 The essential elements of a contract include (1) competent parties, (2)

subject matter, (3) legal consideration, (4) mutual agreement, and (5) mutual obligations.

Billingsley v. Benton NWA Props., LLC,
2015 Ark. 291
. We keep in mind two legal principles

in determining whether a valid contract was entered into: (1) a court cannot make a contract

for the parties but can only construe and enforce the contract that they have made; and if

there is no meeting of the minds, there is no contract; and (2) it is well settled that in order

to make a contract there must be a meeting of the minds as to all terms, using objective

indicators. Alltel Corp. v. Sumner,
360 Ark. 573
,
203 S.W.3d 77
 (2005). Whether or not

there is a meeting of the minds is an issue of fact, and we do not reverse a circuit court’s fact-

finding unless it is clearly erroneous. DaimlerChrysler Corp. v. Smelser,
375 Ark. 216
,
289 S.W.3d 266
 (2008). A finding is clearly erroneous when, although there is evidence to

support it, the reviewing court on the entire evidence is left with a definite and firm

conviction that a mistake has been committed.
Id.


the well-settled rule that in order to preserve an argument for appeal, the issue must first be
raised at the circuit-court level).

                                               10
       During both the first and second phases of the parties’ settlement negotiations, the

terms of the release language as to both parties was consistently discussed and, ultimately,

never mutually agreed upon. In the latter stages of the first phase of negotiations, McClerkin

sent an email to the circuit court noting the parties’ disagreement as to the content of the

release language, and after the first phase of negotiations, the circuit court initially ruled that

an enforceable settlement had been reached but then, correctly, set aside that order and the

parties’ negotiations continued.

       In the second phase of the parties’ settlement negotiations, McClerkin’s counsel

advised in an email to Rogue Construction’s counsel that he thought the case was settled

but that “[w]e will need a release from you as well though.” Rogue Construction’s counsel

responded by stating he would prepare a mutual release, and McClerkin’s counsel replied,

“I’ll need to see the release language before we sign.” (Emphasis added.) Several days later, Rogue

Construction’s counsel sent an email stating that it had drafted a release and would send it

for McClerkin’s counsel’s review. On the following day, Rogue Construction’s counsel

emailed the first version of the Confidential Settlement Agreement and Mutual Release that

he had drafted, and advised, “I have gone over it with my client and he will agree to sign it

if your client will agree to sign it.” (Emphasis added.) McClerkin’s counsel never assented to

the initial settlement agreement drafted by Rogue Construction’s counsel; after receiving the

proposed agreement, McClerkin’s counsel sent an email stating, “I have a couple of

questions. Can you please call me as soon as you get a chance?”




                                                11
       Settlement negotiations continued, and two weeks later McClerkin’s counsel sent an

email stating that “I need to get this release deal either resolved or we have to pick the case

back up and start moving forward with it. . . . I feel like I need to get the release situation

resolved asap.” A week later, Rogue Construction’s counsel responded with an email, on

June 8, 2021, wherein he attached his revised draft of the Confidential Settlement

Agreement and Mutual Release and stated, “My client is willing to sign this release if your

client is willing . . . . Just let me know if you want to discuss.” McClerkin’s counsel did not

respond to that email or communicate any agreement as to the settlement language therein.

       In Rogue Construction’s appellate brief, it posits that the parties’ agreement as to the

material terms of the settlement were expressed in the final version of the agreement

circulated between counsel on June 8, 2021. This final draft contained release terms

applicable to McClerkin as well as a mutual release clause applicable to both parties, as

follows:

       Release

       1)     That Katherine McClerkin (McClerkin), for and in consideration of the
              payment to her of the sum of $65,000, the receipt and sufficiency of which are
              hereby acknowledged, does hereby compromise, settle with, release, acquit and
              forever discharge Rogue Construction, LLC; Rogue Architecture, LLC;
              Jeremiah Russell; The Hanover Insurance Company; as well as their
              predecessors, affiliated companies, successors, agents, servants, officers,
              directors, employees, partners, insurers, and assigns, and any other person,
              firm, corporation or association in privity with them (Rogue Parties), or any of
              them, of and from any and all actions, claims, demands, and causes of action
              whatsoever, known and unknown, which McClerkin may now have or may
              have in the future arising out of any and all design or construction work done
              by Rogue Construction LLC or Rogue Architecture, LLC on McClerkin’s
              residence located at 11040 Rivercrest Drive, Walton Heights neighborhood,


                                              12
       Little Rock, AR., (the Construction), said claims being more specifically
       described in those pleadings and other materials filed and of record in the case
       of Rogue Construction, LLC v. McClerkin v. Rogue Construction, LLC,
       Pulaski County Circuit Case Number 60CV-18-8522 (the Lawsuit).

2)     It is the express intention of McClerkin to reserve any rights, claims, or causes
       of action which she may have against any person other than the Rogue Parties,
       but to release the Rogue Parties fully and completely. Therefore, in
       consideration of the above payment, McClerkin agrees to a reduction of the
       damages recoverable against all other tortfeasors to the extent of the prorata
       share of the liability of the Rogue Parties, and further agrees to indemnify,
       protect and hold harmless the Rogue Parties from all judgments, claims, losses
       or expenses arising out of or by reason of any action, claim or demand by any
       person on account of the damages sustained by McClerkin as a result of the
       Construction, or any liability or alleged liability of the Rogue Parties. It is
       specifically intended that the Rogue Parties are and shall be released,
       indemnified and held harmless with respect to any liability or alleged liability
       under act 315 of the Acts of Arkansas of 1941, as amended, being the Uniform
       Contribution Among Tortfeasors Act. This Release does not release
       McClerkin from any claims by the Rogue Parties for contribution or
       indemnity.

3)     For the same consideration, McClerkin covenants and agrees that this Release
       shall cover, and it does cover and release, any and all claims and demands of
       any kind whatsoever arising from the Construction, including any and all
       consequences thereof that may hereafter develop, as well as those already
       known, developed or that are now apparent that the McClerkin could have
       asserted against the Rogue Parties.

....

7) Mutual Release McClerkin and the Rogue Parties hereby agree that any and all
claims for contribution, fault, defense, damages, requests to be reimbursed for
attorney’s fees and defense costs, hold harmless, and indemnity by McClerkin or the
Rogue Parties against the other are forever released to the extent the defense,
damages, request to be reimbursed for attorney’s fees, defense costs, hold harmless
obligation, and indemnity or contribution obligation arise out of, or are in any way
related to the Construction or the Lawsuit.




                                      13
We conclude that Rogue Construction’s argument that this version of the agreement was

enforceable as to all the material terms is misplaced because, as stated, the record reflects no

communication from McClerkin’s counsel approving this or any other version that Rogue

Construction’s counsel had drafted.

       Finally, we find it significant that a few weeks after the June 8, 2021, proposed

settlement had been communicated without response, McClerkin’s newly acquired counsel,

John Ogles, sent an email to Rogue Construction’s counsel asking, “Do you think we have

to mediate again?” Rogue Construction’s counsel responded, “Sure. What’s a good time

for you? I’ll give you a call.” Rogue Construction’s counsel then stated that he and

McClerkin’s previous counsel, Jack Wagoner, “had reached an agreement on the amount of

money to be paid, $65,000, and we were working on the terms of the release, and I thought we

had basically gotten agreements on that, although no one had signed anything.” (Emphasis

added.) Later that day when Rogue Construction’s counsel emailed Wagoner, he stated that

“[m]y client is anxious to settle this and get this done,” and Wagoner responded by

confirming that “[w]e don’t have any agreement” based in part on the absence of a mutual

agreement as to the terms of the releases.

       It is well settled that in order to make a contract there must be mutual agreement and

a meeting of the finds as to all terms. See Alltel Corp., supra. We hold on this record that the

circuit court clearly erred in finding that the parties reached any mutual agreement as to the

release language of a settlement and, therefore, that the circuit court’s order enforcing the

settlement agreement must be reversed and the case remanded for further proceedings.


                                              14
Reversed and remanded.

HARRISON, C.J., and BROWN, J., agree.

Ogles Law Firm, P.A., by: John Ogles, for appellant.

Barber Law Firm, PLLC, by: G. Spence Fricke and Jerry D. Garner, for appellee.




                                       15